2020 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 1 套）——阅读版——仔细阅读题

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  Three children in every classroom have a diagnosable mental health condition. Half of these are behavioural disorders, while one third are emotional disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression, which often become outwardly apparent through self-harm. There was an astonishing 52 per cent jump in hospital admissions for children and young people who had harmed themselves between 2009 and 2015.
  Schools and teachers have consistently reported the scale of the problem since 2009. Last year, over half of teachers reported that more of. their pupils experience mental health problems than in the past. But teachers also consistently report how ill-equipped they feel to meet pupils’ mental health needs, and often cite a lack of training, expertise and support from the National Health Service (英国国家医疗服务体系) .【可以先把转折“But”圈出来，常出题处】
  Part of the reason for the increased pressure on schools is that there are now fewer ’ early intervention (干预) ’ and low-level mental health services based in the community. Cuts to local authority budgets since 2010 have resulted in a significant decline of these services, despite strong evidence of their effectiveness in preventing crises further down the line.
  The only way to break the pressures on both mental health services and schools is to reinvest in early intervention services inside schools.
  There are strong arguments for why schools are best placed to provide mental health services. Schools see young people more than any other service, which gives them a unique ability to get to hard-to-reach children and young people and build meaningful relationships with them over time. Recent studies have shown that children and young people largely prefer to see a counsellor in school rather than in an outside environment. Young people have reported that for low-level conditions such as stress and anxiety,a clinical setting can sometimes be daunting (令人却步的) .
  There are already,examples of innovative schools which combine mental health and wellbeing provision with a strong academic curriculum.This will, though, require a huge cultural shift. Politicians, policymakers, commissioners and school leaders must be brave enough to make the leap towards reimagining schools as providers of health as well as education services.

  每个教室都有三个孩子被诊断出有心理健康问题。其中一半是行为障碍，而三分之一是情绪障碍， 如紧张、焦虑和抑郁，这些症状往往通过自残变得从表面上看很明显。2009年至2015年间，孩子和年轻 人因自残而住院的人数猛增了52%,令人吃惊。
  自2009年以来，学校和老师一直在报告这个问题的严重程度。去年，超过半数的老师报告说，有心理健康问题的学生比过去更多。(46)但是，老师们也经常报告他们感觉自己在满足学生的心理健康需求方面能力欠缺，并且经常提到缺乏英国国家医疗服务体系的培训、专业知识和支持。
  学校压力增大的部分原因是，现在社区的“早期干预”和初级心理健康服务越来越少。(47)尽管有强有力的证据表明这些服务在防止危机进一步恶化方面是有效的，但自2010年以来，地方政府预算的削减导致了这些服务的大幅下降。
  减轻心理卫生服务和学校压力的唯一方法是重新投资学校内部的早期干预服务。
  对于为什么学校最适合提供心理健康服务，有强有力的论据。学校比其他任何公共服务系统都更关注年轻人，这使它们拥有一种独特的能力去接触难以接触的儿童和年轻人，并逐渐与他们建立有意义的关系。(48)(49)最近的研究表明，儿童和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里找辅导员，而不是在校外。(49) 年轻人报告说，对于压力和焦虑等初级状况，临床环境有时会令人望而生畏。
  已经有一些创新学校的例子，它们将心理健康和福利保障与强大的学术课程相结合。(50)不过，这将需要巨大的文化转变。政治家、政策制定者、部长和学校领导必须有足够的勇气，向着将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者的方向飞跃。

2020-12-01-46.—细节辨认题—易—mental health need替换为mental problem

46. What are teachers complaining about?【原文：But teachers also consistently report how ill-equipped they feel to meet pupils’ mental health needs, and often cite a lack of training, expertise and support from the National Health Service (英国国家医疗服务体系) .】
    A. There are too many students requiring special attention.
    B. They are under too much stress counselling needy students.
    C. Schools are inadequately equipped to implement any intervention.
    D. They lack the necessary resources to address pupils’mental problems.

46. 老师们在抱怨什么？
A.需要特别关照的学生太多了。
B.他们压力太大辅导贫困生。
C.学校没有足够的设备来实施任何干预。
D.他们缺乏必要的资源来解决学生的心理问题。

46.【定位】由题干中的teachers 和 complaining 定位到第二段最后一句。

D【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，老师们也经常报告他们感觉自己在满足学生的心理健康需求方面能力欠缺，并且经常提到缺乏英国国家医疗服务体系的培训、专业知识和支持。由此可见，老师们抱怨的是他们缺乏解决学生心理问题的必要资源，故答案为D “他们缺乏解决学生心理问题的必要资源”。

【避错】第二段第二句提到，去年，超过半数的老师报告说，有心理健康问题的学生比过去更多。并不是需要特别关注的学生数量多，故排除A “有太多需要特别关注的学生”。第二段第三句提到，老师们在满足学生的心理健康需求方面能力欠缺，在解决学生心理问题方面缺少必要资源，但并未提到老师在辅导需要关爱的学生方面压力太大，故排除B “他们在辅导需要关爱的学生方面承受了太大的压力”。第三、四段提到，学校在帮助学生应对心理健康问题方面压力增大，应加强学校内部的早期干预服务。换言之，学校可以通过实施干预措施来帮助学生，并非没有能力采取任何措施，故排除C “学校没有足够的能力来实施任何干预措施”。

2020-12-01-47.—推理判断题—易—同义替换—cut to local authority budget削减本地财政预算替换为budget cuts预算削减

47. What do we learn from the passage about community health services in Britain?【原文：Part of the reason for the increased pressure on schools is that there are now fewer ’ early intervention (干预) ’ and low-level mental health services based in the community. Cuts to local authority budgets since 2010 have resulted in a significant decline of these services, despite strong evidence of their effectiveness in preventing crises further down the line.】
    A. They have deteriorated due to budget cuts.,
    B. They facilitate local residents’ everyday lives.
    C. They prove ineffective in helping mental patients.
    D. They cover preventative care for the local residents.

47. 关于英国的社区卫生服务，我们从文章中学到了什么？
A.由于预算削减，情况恶化了。
B.他们为当地居民的日常生活提供了便利。
C.他们在帮助精神病人方面被证明是无效的。
D.他们为当地居民提供预防保健。

47.【定位】由题干中的community health services定位到第三段。

A【精析】推理判断题。定位段第一句提到，现在社区的“早期干预”和初级心理健康服务越来越少，接下来在第二句分析了原因，自2010年以来，地方政府预算的削减导致了这些服务的大幅下降， 故答案为A “由于预算削减，它们情况恶化了”。

【避错】定位段提到这些服务在帮助学校应对学生心理健康问题方面的重要作用，但并未提及社区卫生服务对当地居民的影响，故排除 B “它们方便了当地居民的日常生活”。定位段第二句提到，有强有力的证据表明这些服务在帮助应对学生心理健康问题上有效，故排除C“事实证明，它们在帮助有心理问题的病人方面是无效的”。文中没有提到社区卫生服务对当地居民的预防性护理， 故排除D。

2020-12-01-48.—细节辨认题—定位句离答案好远，比较难找—比较词rather圈出来，可能出题

48. Where does the author suggest mental health services be placed?【原文：There are strong arguments for why schools are best placed to provide mental health services. Schools see young people more than any other service, which gives them a unique ability to get to hard-to-reach children and young people and build meaningful relationships with them over time. Recent studies have shown that children and young people largely prefer to see a counsellor in school rather than in an outside environment. Young people have reported that for low-level conditions such as stress and anxiety,a clinical setting can sometimes be daunting (令人却步的) .】【比较词rather圈出来，可能出题】
    A. At home.
    B. At school.
    C. In hospitals.
    D. In communities.

48. 提交人建议把精神卫生服务放在哪里？
A.在家里。
B.在学校。
C.在医院。
D.在社区中。

48.【定位】由题干中的mental health services 和 be placed 定位到第五段倒数第二句。

B 【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，最近的研究表明，儿童和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里找辅导员，而不是在校外，故答案为B。

【避错】文章第五段最后两句指出，比起在校外，孩子和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里看到辅导员。年轻人报告说，对于压力和焦虑等初级状况，临床环境有时会令人望而生畏。由此可知，青少年更喜欢在学校接受心理辅导，故可以排除A 、C和D 三项。

2020-12-01-49.—推理判断题—定位句是“rather than而不是”那一句，A rahter than B，A而不是B，A是重点—see a counsellor in school替换为seek counselling in school

49. What do we learn from the recent studies?【原文：There are strong arguments for why schools are best placed to provide mental health services. Schools see young people more than any other service, which gives them a unique ability to get to hard-to-reach children and young people and build meaningful relationships with them over time.Recent studies have shown that children and young people largely prefer to see a counsellor in school rather than in an outside environment. Young people have reported that for low-level conditions such as stress and anxiety,a clinical setting can sometimes be daunting (令人却步的) .】
    A. Students prefer to rely on peers to relieve stress and anxiety.
    B. Young people are keen on building meaningful relationships.
    C. Students are more comfortable seeking counselling in school.
    D. Young people benefit from various kinds of outdoor activities.

49. 我们从最近的研究中学到了什么？，
A.学生更喜欢依靠同伴来缓解压力和焦虑。
B.年轻人热衷于建立有意义的关系。
C.学生更愿意在学校寻求咨询。
D.年轻人受益于各种户外活动。

49.【定位】由题干中的 recent studies定位到第五段最后两句。

C【精析】推理判断题。定位句提到，最近的研究表明，儿童和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里找辅导员，而不是在校外。年轻人报告说，对于压力和焦虑等初级状况，临床环境有时会令人望而生畏。由此可知，青少年在学校环境下接受心理辅导会感到更自在，故答案为C。

【避错】定位句提到，学生更喜欢在学校接受心理辅导，并未提及他们是否更喜欢依靠同龄人来缓解压力和焦虑，故排除A “学生更喜欢依靠同龄人来缓解压力和焦虑”。第五段第二句提到，学校比其他任何公共服务系统都更关注年轻人，这使它们拥有一种独特的能力去接触难以接触的儿童和年轻人，并逐渐与他们建立有意义的关系。此处指学校与年轻人建立有意义的关系，而非年轻人热衷于建立有意义的关系，故排除B “年轻人热衷于建立有意义的关 系”。文中并未提及D “年轻人从各种户外活动中受益”，故排除。

2020-12-01-50.—语义理解题—选出现最多的“school”【狗头】

50. What does the author mean by a cultural shift (Line 2, Para. 6)?【原文：There are already,examples of innovative schools which combine mental health and wellbeing provision with a strong academic curriculum.This will, though, require a huge cultural shift. Politicians, policymakers, commissioners and school leaders must be brave enough to make the leap towards reimagining schools as providers of health as well as education services.】
    A. Simplification of schools’ academic curriculums.
    B. Parents’ involvement in schools’ policy-making.
    C. A change in teachers’attitudes to mental health.
    D. A change in the conception of what schools are.

50. 作者所说的文化转变是什么意思（第二行，第6段）？
A.简化学校的学术课程。
B.家长参与学校政策制定。
C.教师对心理健康态度的改变。
D.学校概念的改变。

50.【定位】由题干中的a cultural shift和 Para.6 定位到最后一段。

D【精析】语义理解题。定位段第二句指出，这将需要巨大的文化转变。第三句接着对“文化转变”作出了阐释：政治家、政策制定者、部长和学校领导必须足够勇敢，向着将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者的方向飞跃。由此可知，这种文化转变是将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者，故答案为D“对学校观念的转变”。

【避错】定位段第一句指出，已经有一些创新学校将心理健康和福利保障与强大的学术课程相结合，并不是简化课程，故排除A “简化学校的学术课程”。文中并未提及家长该如何做，故排除 B“家长参与学校决策”。定位段第三句指出，政治家、政策制定者、部长和学校领导必须足够勇敢，向着将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者的方向飞跃。
由此可知，这种文化转变是将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者，而不是老师对心理健康态度的转变，故排除 C“老师对心理健康态度的转变”。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading upon snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $ 3. 50 and the large is $ 5. 50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie, but $ 5.50 for some sugary drink seems ridiculous. But there’s a third option, a medium soda for $ 5. 25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large (and taking a bathroom break midshow).
  If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost no one. In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy (诱饵), making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small.
  I have written about this peculiarity in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing pricing for subscriptions (订阅) to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price, so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two “real” choices were offered, more people chose the less-expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option.
  Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance” and it means that people gravitate toward the choice nearest a clearly inferior option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect, which is certainly easier to remember. Lucky for consumers, almost no one in the business community understands it.
  The decoy effect works because of the way our brains. assign value when making choices.Value is almost never absolute;rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes.

2020-12-01-51.—推理判断题—定位到第一段一句，发现很多but，疯狂转折，足够peculiar奇特

51. Why does the author ask us to imagine buying food in the movie theater?【原文：Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading upon snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $ 3. 50 and the large is $ 5. 50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie, but $ 5.50 for some sugary drink seems ridiculous. But there’s a third option, a medium soda for $ 5. 25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large (and taking a bathroom break midshow).】
    A. To illustrate people’s peculiar shopping behavior.
    B. To illustrate the increasing variety of snacks there.
    C. To show how hard it can be to choose a drink there.
    D. To show how popular snacks are among movie fans.

51. 为什么作者让我们想象在电影院买食物？
A.为了说明人们奇特的购物行为。
B.为了说明那里小吃的种类越来越多。
C.为了表明在那里选择饮料有多难。
D.为了显示小吃在影迷中有多受欢迎。

51.【定位】由题干中的buying food in the movie theater 定位到第一段第一句。

A
【精析】推理判断题。定位段描写了一个场景：人们在电影院购买汽水时，一般都会选择比中杯稍贵的大杯；第二段接着分析中杯的汽水很可能是营销人员的诱饵，引诱你买大杯汽水；第三段提到作者和朋友对人性的这种独特性行为进行过研究。由此可知，作者让我们想象在电影院买食物是为了引出人们一种独特的购物行为，故答案为 A “以说明人们独特的购物行为”。

【避错】定位句让读者想象在电影院的食品台前买零食的场景，并不是为了说明电形院小吃种类越来越多，故排除 B “说明那里的小吃种类越来越多”。第一段提到，在面对大杯、中杯和小杯汽水时，大部分人都会买大杯，并没有难以做出选择，故排除 C “显示在那里选择一种饮料有多困难”第一段描写了人们在电影院购买不同型号汽水的场景，借以引出人们一种独特的购物行为，并不是为了表明小吃有多受欢迎，故排除 D “展示小吃在影迷中有多受欢迎”。

2020-12-01-52.—推理判断题—难—优先看特殊词，rather than，但是看不出来啥，定位句后面看不出什么，就看回去定位句前面。

52. Why is the medium soda priced the way it is?【原文：Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large (and taking a bathroom break midshow).
      If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost no one. In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy (诱饵), making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small.】
    A. To attract more customers to buy it.
    B. To show the price matches the amount.
    C. To ensure customers drink the right amount of soda.
    D. To make customers believe they are getting a bargain.

54. 为什么中杯汽水的定价是这样的？
A.为了吸引更多的顾客购买。
B.显示价格与数量相符。
C.确保顾客喝适量的苏打水。
D.让顾客相信他们买到了便宜货。

52.【定位】由题干中的 the medium soda 和 priced 定位到第二段最后一句。

D
【精析】推理判断题。定位句提到，市场营销部很有可能故意以中杯汽水作为诱饵，让你更有可能购买大杯汽水而不是小杯。第一段倒数第二句提到，大杯汽水只比中杯的贵0.25美分。由此可知，之所以这样给中杯定价，是为了让消费者认为买大杯更合算，故答案为 D “为了让顾客相信他们买得很合算”。

【避错】定位句提到，市场营销部很有可能故意以中杯汽水作为诱饵，让你更有可能购买大杯汽水而不买小杯或中杯汽水，故排除 A “为了吸引更多的顾客购买中杯汽水”。第一段倒数第二句提到，大杯汽水只比中杯的贵了0.25美分，由此可知，中杯定价并不符合常理，故 B “为了显示价格配得上容量”说法错误，可排除。第一段末句提到，喝了大杯汽水后，会在电影中间上厕所，由此可知，顾客喝了过量的汽水，故排除 C “为了确保顾客饮用适量的汽水”。

2020-12-01-53.—推理判断题—难—没有关键词

53. What do we learn from Dan Ariely’s experiment?【原文：I have written about this peculiarity in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing pricing for subscriptions (订阅) to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price, so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two “real” choices were offered, more people chose the less-expensive digital subscription.】
    A. Lower-priced goods attract more customers.
    B. The Economist’s promotional strategy works.
    C. The Economist’s print edition turns out to sell the best.
    D. More readers choose the digital over the print edition.

53. 我们从Dan Ariely的实验中学到了什么？
A.低价商品吸引更多顾客。
B.经济学家的促销策略奏效了。
C.《经济学人》的印刷版卖得最好。
D.更多的读者选择电子书而不是印刷版。

53.【定位】由题干中的 Dan Ariely’sexperiment定位到第三段最后两句。

B
【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，艾瑞里做了一个实验，发现当只提供两个“真实的”选项时，更多的人选择了价格较低的数字版订阅。但是不良选项的增加使人们更有可能选择更昂贵的印刷版加数字版这一选项。由此可知,在面对《经济学人》提供的三个选项时，人们更倾向于选择订阅印刷版加数字版，即《经济学人》的宜传策略奏效了，故答案为 B 。

【避错】第三段第二、三句指出，《经济学人》数字版订阅费是 59 美元，印刷版订阅费是125 美元，印刷版加数字版订阅费也是125美元。在可以用同样的价格买到印刷版加数字版的情况下，没有一个头脑正常的人会购买印刷版，由此可知，价格最低的数字版并没有吸引到更多顾客，故可以排除 A “低价商品吸引更多顾客”。定位句指出，不良选项(印刷版订阅费125美元)的增加使人们更有可能选择印刷版加数字版这一选项，由此可知，读者更倾向于选择印刷版加数字版，故可以排除 C 和 D。

2020-12-01-54.—推理判断题—同义替换—bad potion坏选项替换为trap诱骗

54. For what purpose is “the bad option” (Line 7, Para. 3) added? 【原文：But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option.】
    A. To cater to the peculiar needs of some customers.
    B. To help customers to make more rational choices.
    C. To trap customers into buying the more pricey item.
    D. To provide customers with a greater variety of goods.

54. 添加“坏的选择”（第3段第7行）的目的是什么？
A.为了迎合一些顾客的特殊需求。
B.帮助顾客做出更理性的选择。
C.诱骗顾客购买更昂贵的商品。
D.为顾客提供更多种类的商品。

54.【定位】由题干中的the bad option和Para.3定位到第三段最后一句。

C
【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，不良选项(印刷版订阅费 125 美元)的增加使人们更有可能选择更昂贵的印刷版加数字版这一选项。由此可知，添加“不良选项”是为了诱使顾客购买价格较高的商品，故答案为 C “诱使顾客购买价格较高的商品”。

【避错】文中没有提到顾客的特殊要求，故排除A 。由定位句可知，添加不良选项是为了诱使顾客购买价格较高的商品，不是为了让顾客做出更理性的选择，也不是为了给顾客提供更多种类的商品，故排除 B “帮助客户做出更理性的选择”和D “为顾客提供更多种类的商品”。

2020-12-01-55.—细节辨认题—难—干扰项D的equation，正确选项compare隐藏太深，看不出来。

55. How do we assess the value of a commodity, according to the passage?【原文：The decoy effect works because of the way our brains. assign value when making choices.Value is almost never absolute;rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes.】
    A. By considering its usefulness.
    B. By comparing it with other choices.
    C. By taking its quality into account.
    D. By examining its value equation.

55. 根据文章，我们如何评估商品的价值？
A.考虑到它的有用性。
B.通过与其他选择进行比较。
C.通过考虑其质量。
D.通过检验其价值方程。

55.【定位】由题干中的the value of acommodity定位到最后一段最后两句。

B
【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，价值几乎从来不是绝对的；相反，我们是相对于其他选择来确定某一物品的价值。如果引人更多选项，则价值等式将发生变化。由此可知，我们是通过比较不同的选择来评估某一商品的价值，故答案为 B “通过与其他选择进行比较”。

【避错】由定位句可知，我们是相较于其他选择来确定某一物品的价值。如果引人更多选项，价值等式则将发生变化，而不是单独考虑其实用性、质量，故排除 A 和 C 。
D 是根据最后一段最后一句中的 value equation捏造的干扰项，但价值等式是相较于其他商品而言的，故排除。