2021 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 3 套）——阅读版——仔细阅读题

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the ollowing passage.

  Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touch someone? While it may sound sae to avoid all physical contact so as not to offend anyone, the lack of touching might imply cold attitudes or indiference in interpersonal relationships.
  So, what should we do? The simple answer is to thoroughly len unique cultural norms or physical contact. In nonverbal communication terminoloy (术语），physical contact and the study of touching are generally reerred to as haptics.
  Haptics in communication often suggest the level of intimacy. They are usually classiied into two groups: high-contact and low-contact.
  Asia and quite surprisingly the United States, Canada and Britain belong to low-contact cultures.People from the rest of the world, such as Latin America, are considered to be in high-contact cultures, where they tend to expect touching in social interactions and feel more comortable with physical closeness. Despite the classiication, there are more complex actors such as relational closeness, gender, age, and context that can afecthow someone views physical contact.
  One common French custom of greetings is cheek-kissing, but it is mostly restricted to 扣ends, close acquaintances and amily members. While cheek-kissing or Latin Americans is also a universal greeting orm, it does not require such a high degree of relational closeness. However, gender matters more or them because check如ssing oten only happens between women or aman and a woman but not two men.
  In contrast, in certain Arabian, Arican, and Asian countries, men can publicly hold hands or show physical afection as signs of brotherhood or riendship while these behaviors may suggest a romantic relationship in other parts of the world. Although men’s touching is more normal in these cultures, physical contact between persons of opposite sexes who are not amily members is negatively perceived in Arabian countries.
  These actors could deinitely afect the degree to which someone is comortable with tactile（触觉的）communication and physical intimacy. Thereore, if you are someone who loves to show physical afection, you should not be araid to show it or drastically change your behaviors—just ask or consent beorehand！

【参考译文】
  你有没有想过怎样拥抱或触碰别人才能被接受？ (46) 虽然避免一切身体接触以免冒犯 任何人听起来很稳妥，但缺乏接触可能意味着人际关系中的冷淡态度或漠不关心。
  那么，我们该怎么办？简单的答案就是通晓身体接触的独特文化规范。(47-1)在非语言 交流术语中，身体接触和对触碰的研究通常被称为触觉。
  (47-2)在交流中，触觉通常暗示着亲密程度。它们通常被分为两类：高接触和低接触。
  亚洲与美国、加拿大和英国属于低接触文化，这一点令人很惊讶。(48)来自世界其他地区的人，如拉丁美洲人，被认为处于高接触文化中，他们往往会在社交互动中期待接触，并对身体上的亲近感到更舒适。尽管进行了分类，但还有一些更复杂的因素，如关系亲密度、 性别、年龄和背景，可能会影响人们对身体接触的看法。
  一个常见的法国问候习俗是亲吻脸颊，但它主要限于朋友、熟人和家人。虽然亲吻脸 颊对拉丁美洲人来说也是一种普遍的问候方式，但它并不需要高度的亲密关系。然而，性别对他们来说更为重要，因为亲吻脸颊通常只发生在女性之间，或者男性和女性之间，而不是两个男性之间。
  (49)相比之下，在某些阿拉伯、非洲和亚洲国家，男性可以公开握手或有身体上的亲近 行为，并将其视为兄弟情谊或友谊的象征，而在世界其他地区这些行为可能暗示恋爱关系。 虽然在这些文化中，男性的身体接触更为正常，但在阿拉伯国家，非家庭成员的异性之间的 身体接触会被消极地理解。
  (50)这些因素肯定会影响人们对触觉交流和身体亲密的舒适程度。因此，如果你是一个 喜欢表现身体亲近的人，你不应该害怕表现出来，或者彻底改变你的行为——只要事先征得对方允许就好了！

【文章来源】

本文选自 2019 年 3 月 29 日刊登在 Freely Magazine (《自由杂志》)上的一篇标题为“To Hug or Not to Hug: Physical Contacts Vary Across Cultures”(《拥不拥抱：身体接触因文化而异》)的文章。

【结构框图】

2021-12-03-46.—细节辨认题—易—简单同义替换—cold attitude替换为lack of warmth

46. What does the author say in theirst paragraph about physical contact?【原文：Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touch someone? While it may sound sae to avoid all physical contact so as not to offend anyone, the lack of touching might imply cold attitudes or indiference in interpersonal relationships.】
    A. Its role in interpersonal relationships is getting increasingly important
    B. It is becoming more acceptable to many who used to think it ofensive.
    C. Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships
    D. It might prompt different responses rom people of different social backgrounds

46. 关于身体接触，作者在第一段中说了什么？
A.它在人际关系中的作用越来越重要。
B.许多过去认为它无礼的人现在越来越能接受它了。
C.它的缺失可能表明人际关系中缺乏温暖。
D.不同社会背景的人可能会有不同的反应。

46.【定位】由题干中的 first paragraph 和 physical contact 定位到首段第二句。

C 【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，虽然避免一切身体接触以免冒犯任何人听起来很稳 妥，但缺乏接触可能意味着人际关系中的冷淡态度或漠不关心。由此可见，缺少身体接触会让人觉得你在人际交往中表现得不够热情，故答案为 C。

【避错】第一段未提到身体接触越来越重要的相关内容，故排除 A；

第一段第二句表明，有些人会为了避免冒犯别人而避免所有的身体接触，但并未提及这些人现在是否接受身体接触的行为，故排除 B；
第一段没有提到身体接触会引发不同背景的人的不同反应， 故排除 D。

2021-12-03-47.—推理判断题—难—复杂同义替换—level of intimacy亲密程度替换为close … relationshipsxx间的关系亲密

47. What does physical contact in communication suggest?【原文：So, what should we do? The simple answer is to thoroughly len unique cultural norms or physical contact. In nonverbal communication terminoloy (术语），physical contact and the study of touching are generally reerred to as haptics.
      Haptics in communication often suggest the level of intimacy. They are usually classiied into two groups: high-contact and low-contact.】
    A. What social class people belong to
    B. How civilized the communicators are.
    C. What amily background people come rom
    D. How close the communicators’relationships are.

47. 交流中的身体接触意味着什么？
A.人们属于什么社会阶层。
B.沟通者多么文明。
C.人们来自什么家庭背景。
D.沟通者的关系有多亲密。

47.【定位】由题干中的 physical contact、in communication 和 suggest 定位到第二段最后一 句和第三段第一句。

D 【精析】推理判断题。由第二段最后一句可知，触觉指的就是身体接触和对触碰的研究。 第三段第一句提到，交流中的触觉通常暗示着亲密程度。由此可知，答案为 D。

【避错】文章中未提及社会阶层和身体接触之间的关系，故排除 A；B中提到的有礼貌并未在文中出现，故排除；文章第五、六段提及家庭成员之间的身体接触，但不涉及家庭背景，故排除 C。

2021-12-03-48.—推理判断题—易—原词复现

48. What do we learn about people in high-contact cultures?【原文：Asia and quite surprisingly the United States, Canada and Britain belong to low-contact cultures.People from the rest of the world, such as Latin America, are considered to be in high-contact cultures, where they tend to expect touching in social interactions and feel more comortable with physical closeness. Despite the classiication, there are more complex actors such as relational closeness, gender, age, and context that can afecthow someone views physical contact.】
    A. They are sensitive to the way people express their emotions
    B. They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.
    C. They attach great importance to close ties among people
    D. They tend to be more open in interpersonal relationships

48. 在高度接触的文化中，人们又如何呢？
A.他们对人们表达情感的方式很敏感。
B.他们认为触摸是社会交往中的一种文化规范。
C.他们非常重视人与人之间的紧密联系。
D.他们在人际关系中更开放。

48.【定位】由题干中的 people in high-contact cultures 定位到第四段第二句。

B 【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，来自世界其他地区的人，如拉丁美洲人，被认为处于高接触文化中，他们往往会在社交互动中期待接触，并对身体上的亲近感到更舒适。 由此推断出，触摸是高接触文化中的人在社交时的一种典型行为和习惯，属于一种文化规范，故答案为 B。

【避错】A 在文中未提及，故排除；定位句中提到高接触文化中的人对身体上的亲近感到更舒适，而 C 提到的是看重人与人之间的亲密关系，与定位句中身体上的亲近不是一个概念，故排除 C；
D 中的更开放没有在文中提及，故排除。

2021-12-03-49.—细节辨认题—易—as signs of friendship替换为show friendship

49. What do we lean about social customs in Arabian countries?【原文：In contrast, in certain Arabian, Arican, and Asian countries, men can publicly hold hands or show physical affection as signs of brotherhood or friendship while these behaviors may suggest a romantic relationship in other parts of the world. Although men’s touching is more normal in these cultures, physical contact between persons of opposite sexes who are not amily members is negatively perceived in Arabian countries.】
    A. Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.
    B. Non-traditional romantic relationships are simply unacceptable.
    C. Physical contact between unfamiliar people is negatively perceived.
    D. People of different ages and genders show affection in different ways.

49. 关于阿拉伯国家的社会习俗，我们了解到了什么？
A.男人可以在公共场合通过肢体接触来表达友谊
B.非传统的恋爱关系是完全不能接受的
C.不熟悉的人之间的身体接触被认为是消极的
D.不同年龄和性别的人表达感情的方式不同

49.【定位】由题干中的 Arabian countries 定位到第六段第一句。

A【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，在某些阿拉伯、非洲和亚洲国家，男性可以公开握手或有身体上的亲近行为，并将其视为兄弟情谊或友谊的象征，而在世界其他地区这些行为可能暗示恋爱关系。由此可见，在阿拉伯国家，男性可以在公共场合通过身体接触来表达友谊，故答案为 A。

【避错】B 在文中并未提及，故排除；C 中的 negatively perceived 在第六段最后一句中出现，该句指出非家庭成员的异性之间的身体接触会被消极地理解，并非不熟悉的人之间的身体接触，因此该项内容与原文不相符，故排除；第四段最后一句提到还有一些更复杂的因素，如关系亲密度、性别、年龄和背景，可能会影响人们对身体接触的看法，而不是影响人们表达喜爱的方式，因此排除 D。

2021-12-03-50.—推理判断题—易—同义替换—affect the degree受到同意替换为preference喜好

50. What does the author tell us to do concening tactile communication?【原文：These actors could definitely affect the degree to which someone is comortable with tactile（触觉的）communication and physical intimacy. Therefore, if you are someone who loves to show physical afection, you should not be araid to show it or drastically change your behaviors—just ask or consent beorehand！】
    A. Lay emphasis on nonverbal communication.
    B. Learn to use appropriate body language first
    C. Pay attention to the diferences between genders.
    D. Take other people’s preference into consideration.

50. 关于触觉交流，作者告诉了我们什么？
A.强调非语言交流。
B.首先学会使用适当的肢体语言。
C.注意性别之间的差异。
D.考虑别人的喜好。

50.【定位】由题干中的 tactile communication 定位到最后一段第一句。

D 【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，有些因素会影响人们对触觉交流和身体亲密的舒适程度。这就意味着不同人对身体接触的接受度是不一样的。因此，作者在下一句提出建议，如果你是一个喜欢表现身体亲近的人，要在有身体接触之前征得对方允许，故答案为 D。

【避错】A “重视非语言交流”和 B “首先学会使用合适的身体语言”在文中没有提及，故排除；

C 提及的性别差异只是影响人们对身体接触接受度的众多因素之一，除此之外，还有年龄、背景等。因此，仅仅注意性别差异是不够的。故排除 C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on theollowing passage.

  From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病） and beyond, the issues acing today’s world are increasingly complex and dynamic. Yet solving problems like these requires new approaches that extend beyond traditional ways of thinking. A study led by Yale Proessor of Psychology, Paul O’Keefe, found that having a growth mindset（思维倾向）of interest may spark this type of innovation.
  Proessor O’Keefe established in earlier studies that people hold different beliefs about the nature of interest. Those with a growth mindset of interest tend to believe that interests can be developed and cultivated, while those with a ixed mindset of interest tend to believe that interests are inherent（与生俱有的） and simply need to be 'ound.'Building on these indings, the latest research examined how a growth mindset of interest can boost integrative thinking across the traditional disciplinary boundaries of arts and sciences.
  For example, in one task, research participants were instructed to create new college majors by combining two or more existing academic Arts or Science programs at their university. Ater coding and analyzing the ideas they generated, the team ound that people with a growth mindset of interest were more likely to bridge programs across the arts and sciences to create new majors like computational economics rather than creating majors that drew rom only one of those areas, like computational chemistry.
  As Proessor O’Keefe pointed out, “This research provides a useful direction or organizations whose products and services call or integrated and creative solutions. Take smarphones for example. You need not only computer science and engineering knowledge, but also an understanding of psychology and visual design to create a better product Employees with a growth mindset may be more likely to devise innovative ideas that bridge multiple areas of knowledge to achieve better solutions.”
  The beneits of a growth mindset of interest may also extend to those seeking employment. This is a pressing issue because many people are becoming unemployed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Having a growth mindset of interest can help job seekers expand their interests and become more adaptable to different ields, and take the initiative to lean new skills.

2021-12-03-51.—细节辨认题—难—选项CD类似，再根据内容选C，结果错了—同义替换—complex and dynamic"复杂而动态的"替换为varied and complicated"多种多样且复杂".

51. What does the author say about the world today?【原文：From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病） and beyond, the issues acing today’s world are increasingly complex and dynamic. Yet solving problems like these requires new approaches that extend beyond traditional ways of thinking.】
    A. It aces problems that are getting more varied and complicated.
    B. It has done away with many of the traditional ways of thinking
    C. It is undergoing radical and proound changes
    D. It is witnessing various types of innovations.

51. 关于当今世界，作者说了些什么？
A.它面临的问题正变得越来越多样和复杂。
B.它废除了许多传统的思维方式。
C.它正在发生根本而深刻的变化。
D.它正在见证各种类型的创新。

【定位】由题干中的 world today 定位到首段第一句。

【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，从气候变化到目前的大流行病以及其他问题，当今世界的问题越来越复杂和多变。A 中的 varied and complicated 对应原文中 complex and dynamic，故答案为 A。

【避错】文章第一段第二句提到解决这些问题需要超越传统思维方式的新方法，并未说明传统思维已经被废除，故排除 B；C “它正在经历彻底而深刻的变革”和 D “它正在见证多种多样的创新”在文中未提及，故排除。

2021-12-03-52.—细节辨认题—易错—选项AB类似，再根据内容，选B，错了，定位也定错了，是在第二段—定位正确后简单同义替换，different替换为divid.

52. What did Proessor O’Keefe find in his earlier studies?【原文：A study led by Yale Proessor of Psychology, Paul O’Keefe, found that having a growth mindset（思维倾向）of interest may spark this type of innovation.
      Proessor O’Keefe established in earlier studies that people hold different beliefs about the nature of interest.】
    A. People’s interests tend to change with age.
    B. People’s interests determine their mindsets.
    C. People are divided about the nature of interest.
    D. People of different ages have different mindsets.

54. 奥基夫教授在他早期的研究中发现了什么？
A.人们的兴趣往往会随着年龄的增长而改变。
B.人们的兴趣决定了他们的心态。
C.人们对利息的性质有不同的看法。
D.不同年龄的人有不同的心态。

【定位】由题干中的 Profèssor O’Keefe 和 earlier studies 定位到第二段第一句。

【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，奥基夫教授在早期的研究中证实，人们对兴趣的本质持有不同的看法，即存在分歧。C 中的 divided 对应原文中的 different，故为答案。

【避错】文章第二段第二句提到那些具有兴趣增长型思维的人倾向于认为兴趣是可以发展和培养的，并不是说兴趣会随年龄而改变，故排除 A；B “人们的兴趣决定他们的思维方式”和 D “不同年龄的人有不同的思维方式”均未在文中提及，故排除。

2021-12-03-53.—细节辨认题—易

53. What is the focus of Proessor O’Keefe’s recent research?【原文：Building on these indings, the latest research examined how a growth mindset of interest can boost integrative thinking across the traditional disciplinary boundaries of arts and sciences.】
    A. How boundaries can be removed between arts and science disciplines.
    B. How feasible it is to create new disciplines like computational economics
    C. How students in arts and sciences view the two types of mindset of interest.
    D. How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to cross-disciplinary thinking.

53. 奥基夫教授最近研究的重点是什么？
A.如何消除艺术和科学学科之间的界限。
B.创建像计算经济学这样的新学科的可行性
C.文理科学生如何看待两种类型的兴趣心态。
D.兴趣的成长心态如何有助于跨学科思维。

【定位】由题干中的 Professor Keefe’s recent research 定位到第二段第三句。
D
【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，在这些发现的基础上，最新的研究检验了兴趣增长型思维是如何促进跨人文和科学的传统学科边界的综合性思维的。因此，奥基夫最近的研究重点即兴趣增长型思维模式如何促进跨学科思维，故答案为D。

【避错】定位句中提及跨越学科界限的综合性思维，而不是消除学科之间的界限，故排除 A；B 中提到的创造像计算经济学这样的新学科只是研究参与者的一项任务，并非奥基夫教授的研究主题，故排除 B；C 在文中未提及，故排除。

2021-12-03-54.—推理判断题—易错—AD选项类似，结果没有出正确答案

54. What does the author want to illustrate with the example of smartphones?【原文：Take smarphones for example. You need not only computer science and engineering knowledge, but also an understanding of psychology and visual design to create a better product.Employees with a growth mindset may be more likely to devise innovative ideas that bridge multiple areas of knowledge to achieve better solutions."】
    A. Hi-tech products are needed in interdisciplinary research.
    B. Improved technology gives birth to highly popular products.
    C. Making innovative products needs multidisciplinary knowledge.
    D. Hi-tech products can boost people’s integrative thinking.

54. 作者想用智能手机的例子说明什么？
A.跨学科研究需要高科技产品。
B.改进的技术产生了非常受欢迎的产品。
C.创新产品需要多学科的知识。
D.高科技产品可以促进人们的整合思维。

【定位】由题干中的 smartphones 定位到第四段第二句。

【精析】推理判断题。定位句提到以智能手机为例，而举例子的目的可在下文找到。该段后两句提到，你不仅需要计算机科学和工程知识，还需要对心理学和视觉设计有所理解，才能创造出更好的产品。而具有成长型思维的员工更可能谋划出跨越多个知识领域的创新想法，以实现更好的解决方案。由此可见，制造创新性产品需要具备多学科知识，故答案为 C。

【避错】 A “跨学科研究中需要高科技产品”和 B “技术改进会产生受欢迎的产品”在文章中并未提及，故排除；结合第四段内容，可推断出是人的综合性思维会促进一些高科技产品的诞生，因此可排除 D。

2021-12-03-55.—推理判断题—易—定位容易，答案同义替换容易—growth mindset of interest 替换为 boraden their interests.

55. What is the author’s suggestion to those who are seeking employment?【原文：The beneits of a growth mindset of interest may also extend to those seeking employment.】
    A. Leaming practical skills.
    B. Broadening their interests.
    C. Staying safe in the pandemic.
    D. Knowing their pressing issues.

55. 作者对那些正在找工作的人有什么建议？
A.学习实用技能。
B.拓宽他们的兴趣。
C.在大流行中保持安全。
D.了解他们的紧迫问题。

【定位】由题干中的 seeking employment 定位到最后一段第一句。

B
【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，兴趣增长型思维的好处也可能延伸到那些寻求就业的人身上。该段最后解释说，拥有兴趣增长型思维可以帮助求职者拓展兴趣，更好地适应不同领域。由此可知，求职者应当拓展兴趣，以增加就业机会，故案为B。

【避错】文中并未提及 A“学习一些实用技能”和 C“在大流行病期间注意安全”，故排除；
最后一段第二句提到就业是一个紧迫的问题，因为许多人由于 COVID-19 疫情而失业，而不是说找工作的人要了解他们的紧迫问题，故排除D。