The resize() method is a no-operation if the actual matrix size doesn't change; otherwise it is destructive: the values of the coefficients may change. If you want a conservative variant of resize() which does not change the coefficients, use conservativeResize(), see this page for more details.
#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
using namespace Eigen;
int main()
{
MatrixXd m(2,5);
m.resize(4,3);
std::cout << "The matrix m is of size "
<< m.rows() << "x" << m.cols() << std::endl;
std::cout << "It has " << m.size() << " coefficients" << std::endl;
VectorXd v(2);
v.resize(5);
std::cout << "The vector v is of size " << v.size() << std::endl;
std::cout << "As a matrix, v is of size "
<< v.rows() << "x" << v.cols() << std::endl;
}