2021 年 6 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）——解析版

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Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled "Is technology making people lazy? " The statement given below is for your reference. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Many studies claim that computers distract people,make them lazy thinkers and even lower their work efficiency.

Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section,you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report,you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (2) An 81-year-old man ended up in Germany by accident after trying to get from Newcastle,Great Britain,to Rome,Italy.
  (1)The old age pensioner was on a mission to see the Pope,who is head of the Catholic Church,and decided to make his way there by car.
  He was surprised when his GPS system told him he had arrived,although there were no signs of any of the famous buildings or architecture.
  The man parked but didn’t put on the handbrake of his car properly.
  His car rolled backwards,and in a striking display of irony,hit a sign saying“Rom”—the small town in North Germany he had mistakenly plugged into the GPS system.
  Police said that the car had come to a halt after hitting the sign,but did not appear to be seriously damaged,although an ambulance was called to check on the pensioner.
  The man,who lives in the UK and is originally Italian,might have been confused by the fact that Rome is written"Roma”in Italian and“Rom"in German.

2021-06-02-01.—开头第二句—原词复现三个“see the Pope”

1. A. See the Pope.
   B. Go to Newcastle.
   C. Travel to Germany.
   D. Tour an Italian city.

1. A.见教皇。
B.去纽卡斯尔。
C.去德国旅行。
D.游览意大利城市。

1.What did the old age pensioner plan to do?
A【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头指出，一名81岁的老人试图从英国纽卡斯尔去意大利罗马，他是为了去见天主教会的教皇。因此，答案为A。

2021-06-02-02.—开头第一句—原词复现三个“end up in”

2. A. He was talcen to hospital in an ambulance.
   B. His car hit a sign and was badly damaged.
   C. His GPS system went out of order.
   D. He ended up in the wrong place.

2. A.他被救护车送到了医院。
B.他的车撞上了一个标志，严重受损。
C.他的GPS系统坏了。
D.他走错了地方。

2.What finally happened to the old man?
D【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，老人试图从英国纽卡斯尔去意大利罗马，却最终意外地到了德国。由此可知，他最终到错了地方，故答案为D。

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (3) Glasgow has pledged to become the first carbon neutral city in the UK.The city’s council and ScottishPower have announced a range of strategies in an attempt to reduce carbonemissions ahead of the new national target of 2045.
  First Minister Nicola Sturgeon welcomed the pledge and said:“Today’s announcement between ScottishPower and Glasgow City Council—to make Glasgow the UK’s first net-zero city—is a very welcome step.Reaching our goals will need exactly this kind of partnershipapproach—with government,business,local authorities and citizens all playing their part.”
  (4) Speaking ahead of the All Energy Conference being held in Glasgow,ScottishPower chief executive Keith Anderson said:“We have a large supply of renewable energy on our doorstep and one of the only two low emission zones in action across the UK.Now,we need to invest in the technologies and programmes that transform the rest of Glasgow’s economy and make us net zero before anyone else."

2021-06-02-03.

3. A. Scotland will reach the national target in carbon emissions reduction ahead of schedule.
   B. Glasgow City Council has made a deal with ScottishPower on carbon emissions.
   C. Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.
   D. First Minister Nicola Sturgeon urged ScottishPower to reduce carbon emissions.

3. A.苏格兰将提前达到国家碳减排目标。
B.格拉斯哥市议会与苏格兰电力公司就碳排放问题达成协议。
C.格拉斯哥承诺在英国率先减少碳排放。
D.首席部长尼古拉·斯特金敦促苏格兰电力公司减少碳排放。

3.What do we learn from the news report?
C【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，格拉斯哥承诺要成为英国第一个碳中和城市，并通过一系列的措施减少碳排放。因此，答案为C。

2021-06-02-04.

4. A. Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.
   B. Glasgow is going to explore new sources of renewable energy.
   C. Stricter regulation is needed in transforming Glasgow’s economy.
   D. It’s necessary to create more low-emission zones as soon as possible.

4. A.格拉斯哥需要投资新技术来实现其目标。
B.格拉斯哥将探索新的可再生能源。
C.格拉斯哥的经济转型需要更严格的监管。
D.有必要尽快建立更多的低排放区。

4.What did ScottishPower’s chief executive say ahead of the All Energy Conference?
A【精析】细节辨认题。新闻中提到，苏格兰电力公司的首席执行官在能源大会之前提出他们需要投资技术和项目来实现格拉斯哥其他地区的经济转型。因此，答案为A。

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (5-1)A Japanese IT firm has officially introduced an“office cat”policy to combat the stressful environment of the workplace.
  A total of nine furry friends freely wander around in the office and do whatever their little hearts desire.
  (5-2) Hidenobu Fukuda,who heads the firm,introduced the pet policy,upon request from one of his employees,allowing staff to bring their own cats to work.
  Employee Eri Ito is grateful for their animals’comforting ways.“Cats are sleeping just beside us.It’s healing."she said.(6)Not only does Fukuda encourage bringing cats to the job,but he also encourages his employees to rescue cats from overpopulated shelters or streets. He gives 5,000 yen,about 45 US dollars a month to thosewho rescue a cat.
  While the positives are many,there are still some obstacles.“Sometimes a cat will walk on a phone and cut off the call,or they shut down the computers by walking onto the off switch."Ito says.
  (7)Still,cats in the workplace have been a tremendous success for the company.The policy has led to various other companies doing the same.

2021-06-02-05.

5. A. It donates money to overpopulated animal shelters.
   B. It permits employees to bring cats into their office.
   C. It gives 5,000 yen to employees who keep pet cats.
   D. It allows workers to do whatever their hearts desire.

5. A.它向人口过多的动物收容所捐款。
B.公司允许员工把猫带进办公室。
C.养宠物猫的员工可以得到5000日元的奖励。
D.它允许员工做任何他们内心想做的事。

5.What do we learn from the news report about the Japanese IT firm?
B【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，日本一家IT公司正式推出了一项“办公室猫”政策，以改善紧张的工作环境。根据这一政策，这家公司允许员工把 自己的猫带进办公室，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-06.

6. A. Keep cats off the street.
   B. Rescue homeless cats.
   C. Volunteer to help in ammal shelters.
   D. Contnbute to a fund for cat protection.

6. A.不要让猫出现在街上。
B.救助流浪猫。
C.自愿去动物收容所帮忙。
D.为猫保护基金捐款。

6.What does Fukuda encourage his employees to do?
B【精析】细节推断题。新闻中提到福田不仅鼓励员工带着猫工作，还鼓励员工从动物数量过多的动物收容所或大街上救助猫。此处在收容所和大街上的猫都可以理解为无家可归的猫，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-07.

7. A. It has contributed tremendously to the firm’s fame.
   B. It has helped a lot to improve animals’ well-being.
   C. It has led some other companies to follow suit.
   D. It has resulted in damage to office equipment.

7. A.这极大地提高了公司的声誉。
B.这对改善动物的健康有很大帮助。
C.它已经导致其他一些公司效仿。
D.导致了办公设备的损坏。

7.What does the news report say about the firm’s policy?
C【精析】细节辨认题。新闻最后肯定了“办公室猫” 政策的积极影响，认为带猫上班对于公司来说是一项巨大的成功，其他公司也纷纷效仿这一政策，因此答案为C。

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once . After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

2021-06-02-08.

8. A. Find out where Jimmy is.
   B. Borrow money from Jimmy.
   C Make friends with Jimmy.
   D. Ask Jimmy what is to be done.

2021-06-02-09.

9. A. He was unsure what kind of fellow Jimmy was.
   B. He was working on a study project with Jimmy.
   C. He wanted to make a sincere apology to Jimmy.
   D. He wanted to invite her to join in a study project.

2021-06-02-10.

10. A. He got a ticket for speeding.
    B. He got his car badly damaged.
    C. He was involved m a traffic accident.
    D. He had an operation for his injury.

2021-06-02-11.

11. A. He needed to make some donation to charity.
    B. He found the 60 pounds in his pocket missing.
    C. He wanted to buy a gift for his mother’s birthday.
    D. He wanted to conceal something from his parents.

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

2021-06-02-12.

12. A. Shopping delivery.
    B. Shopping online.
    C. Where he goes shopping.
    D. How often he does shopping.

2021-06-02-13.

13. A. Searching in the aisles.
    B. Dealing with the traffic.
    C. Driving too long a distance.
    D. Getting one’s car parked.

2021-06-02-14.

14. A. The after-sales service.
    B. The replacement policy.
    C. The quality of food products.
    D. The damage to the packaging.

2021-06-02-15.

15. A. It saves money.
    B. It offers more choice.
    C. It increases the joy of shopping.
    D. It is less time-consuming.

Section C

Directions: In this section , you will hear threepassages. At the end of each passage , you will hear three or four questions. Both thepassage and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

2021-06-02-16.

16. A. They have little talent for learning math.
    B. They need medical help for math anxiety.
    C. They need extra help to catch up in the math class.
    D. They have strong negative emotions towards math.

2021-06-02-17.

17. A. It will gradually pass away without teachers’help.
    B. It affects low performing children only.
    C. It is related to a child’s low intelligence.
    D. It exists mostly among children from poor families.

2021-06-02-18.

18. A. Most of them have average to strong math ability.
    B. Most of them get timely help from their teachers.
    C. They will regain confidence with counselling.
    D. They are mostly secondary school students.

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

2021-06-02-19.

19. A. Social media addiction is a threat to our health.
    B. Too many people are addicted to smartphones.
    C. Addiction to computer games is a disease.
    D. Computer games can be rather addictive.

2021-06-02-20.

20. A. They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.
    B. They do their favored activity whenever and wherever possible.
    C. They are unaware of the damage their behavior is doing to them.
    D. They are unable to get rid of their addiction without professional help.

2021-06-02-21.

21. A. It maybe less damaging than previously believed.
    B. There will never be agreement on its harm to people.
    C. It may prove to be beneficial to developing creativity.
    D. There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

2021-06-02-22.

22. A. They are relatively uniform in color and design.
    B. They appear more formal than other passports.
    C. They area shade of red bordering on brown.
    D. They vary in color from country to country.

2021-06-02-23.

23. A. They must endure wear and tear.
    B. They must be of the same size.
    C. They must be made from a rare material.
    D. They must follow some common standards.

2021-06-02-24.

24. A. They look more traditional.
    B. They look more official.
    C. They are favored by airlines.
    D. They are easily identifiable.

2021-06-02-25.

25. A. For beauty.
    B. For variety.
    C. For visibility.
    D. For security.

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identifie by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
  Social isolation poses more health risks than obesity or smoking 15 cigarettes a day, according to research published by Brigham Young University. The 26 is that loneliness is a huge, if silent, risk factor.
  Loneliness affects physical health in two ways. First, it produces stress hormones that can lead to many health problems. Second, people who live alone are less likely to go to the doctor 27 , to exercise or to eat a healthy diet.
  Public health experts in many countries are 28 how to address widespread loneliness in our society. Last year Britain even appointed a minister for loneliness. “Loneliness 29 almost every one of us at some point,” its minister for loneliness Baroness Barran said. “It can lead to very serious health 30 for individuals who become isolated and disconnected. "
  Barran started a"Let’s Talk Loneliness” campaign that 31 difficult conversations across Britain. He is now supporting " 32 benches," which are public seating areas where people are encouraged to go and chat with one another. The minister is also 33 to stop public transportation from being cut in ways that leave people isolated.
  More than one-fifth of adults in both the United States and Britain said in a 2018 34 that they often or always feel lonely. More than half of American adults are unmarried, and researchers have found that even among those who are married, 30% of relationships are 35 strained. A quarter of Americans now live alone, and as the song says, one is the loneliest number.

A. abruptly
B. appointments
C. consequences
D. debating
E. dimensions
F. friendly
G. hindered
H. idiom
I. intplication
J. pushing
K. severely
L. sparked
M. splitting
N. survey
O. touches

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

What happens when a language has no words for numbers?

A. Numbers do not exist in all cultures. There are numberless hunter-gatherers in Amazonia, living along branches of the world’s largest river tree. Instead of using words for precise quantities, these people rely exclusively on terms similar to “a few” or “some.” In contrast, our own lives are governed by numbers. As you read this, you are likely aware of what time it is, how old you are, your checking account balance, your weight and so on. The exact numbers we think with impact everything in our lives.

B. But, in a historical sense, number-conscious people like us are the unusual ones. For the bulk of our species’approximately 200,000-year lifespan, we had no means of precisely representing quantities. What’s more, the 7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.

C. Speakers of anumeric, or numberless, languages offer a window into how the invention of numbers reshaped the human experience. Olltures without nwnbers, or with only one or two precise numbers, include the Munduruku and Piraha in Amazonia. Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who were never taught nmnber words. Without numbers, healthy human adults struggle to precisely distinguish and recall quantities as low as four. In an experiment, a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time and then remove them one by one. The person watching is asked to signal when all the nuts have been removed. Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nuts remain in the can, even if there are only four or five in total.

D. This and many other experiments have led to a simple conclusion: When people do not have number words, they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me. While only a small portion of the world’s languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric, they demonstrate that number words are not a human universal.

E. It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively (在认知方面）normal, well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries. As a child, I spent some time living with anumeric people, the Piraha who live along the banks of the black Maici River. Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the ecology we shared. Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination between quantities. Perhaps this should be unsurprising. After all, without counting, how can someone tell whether there are, say, seven or eight coconuts （椰子）in a tree? Such seemingly straightforward distinctions become blurry through numberless eyes.

F. This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies. Prior to being spoon-fed number words, children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three. We must be handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higher quantities. In fact, acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takes children years. Initially, kids learn numbers much like they learn letters. They recognize that numbers are organized sequentially, but have little awareness of what each individual number means. With time, they start to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the number coming before it. This “successor principle” is part of the foundation of our numerical (数字的）cognition, but requires extensive practice to understand.

G. None of us, then, is really a “numbers person.” We are not born to handle quantitative distinctions skillfully. In the absence of the cultural traditions that fill our lives with numbers from infancy, we would all struggle with even basic quantitative distinctions. Number words and their written forms transform our quantitative reasoning as they are introduced into our cognitive experience by our parents, peers and school teachers. The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part of growing up, but it is not. Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refined with age, but these instincts are very limited.

H. Compared with other mammals, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many assume. We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant non-mammalian relatives like birds. Indeed, work with some other species suggests they too can refine their quantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.

I. So, how did we ever invent “unnatural” numbers in the first place? The answer is, literally, at your fingertips. The bulk of the world’s languages use base-10, base-20 or base-5 number systems. That is, these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers. English is a base-10 or decimal (十进制的） language, as evidenced by words like 14 (“four”+“10”) and 31 ("three"× “10”+“one”). We speak a decimal language because an ancestral tongue, proto-Indo-Buropean, was decimally based. Proto-Inda- European was decimally oriented because, as in so many cultures, our ancestors’ hands served as the gateway to the realization that “five fingers on one hand is the same as five fingers on the other.” Such momentary thoughts were represented in words and passed down across generations. This is why the word “five” in many languages is derived from the word for “hand.” Most number systems, then, are the by-product of two key factors: the human capacity for language and our inclination for focusing on our hands and fingers. This manual fixation—an indirect by-product of walking upright on twolegs — has helped yield numbers in most cultures, but not all.

J. Cultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions. Consider what time it is. Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds, but these concepts are not real in any physical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people.Minutes and seconds are the verbal and written representations of an uncommon base-60 number system used in ancient Mesopotamia. They reside in our minds, numerical artifacts (人工制品）that not all humans inherit conceptually.

K. Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species’ key characteristics is tremendous linguistic (语言的）and cognitive diversity. If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally, we must continually explore the depths of our species’linguistic diversity.

36. It is difficult for anumeric people to keep track of the change in numbers even when the total is very small.
37. Human numerical instincts are not so superior to those of other mammals as is generally believed.
38. The author emphasizes being anumeric does not affect one’s cognitive ability.
39. In the long history of mankind, humans who use numbers are a very small minority.
40. An in-depth study of differences between human languages contributes to a true understanding of cognitive differences between cultures.
41. A conclusion has been drawn from many experiments that anumeric people have a hard time distinguishing quantities.
42. Making quantitative distinctions is not an inborn skill.
43. Every aspect of our lives is affected by numbers.
44. Larger numbers are said to be built upon smaller numbers.
45. It takes great efforts for children to grasp the concept of number words.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.
  What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
  For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods–the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice-found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Qualcer Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that “hot oatmeal (燕麦粥）brealdast keeps you full for longer.”
  Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
  “It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
  Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. “Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence,” Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines,which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
  “And that expert advice remains pretty simple,” says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are-一lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "

  糖震惊。(46)这描述了本周许多美国人对于下面这个被揭露的真相的反应：50年前，制糖业资助哈 佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，完全转移到了膳食脂肪。
  (47)令消费者惊讶的是，现在有多少营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩 · 内斯特尔花了一年的时间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。内斯特尔告诉我们：“在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究会偏袒赞助商的利益。”其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。
  例如，韦尔奇食品公司——韦尔奇百分百葡萄汁背后的品牌——资助的研究发现，每天喝康科德葡萄汁有助于增强大脑功能。另一家由桂格燕麦公司资助的研究总结道，正如《每日邮报》的故事所说，“早 餐吃热燕麦粥能让你保持更长时间的饱腹感。”
  (48)去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。可口可乐公司还公布了2010年至2015年期间，资助数家 医疗机构和协会的详细数据。
  (49)“如此多的营养和健康研究都是由工业界资助的，这当然是个问题，”公共利益科学中心的营养主任邦妮 ·利伯曼说。“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业发展的发现。
  (50)鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。“信赖那些已经审阅了所有证据的健康专家，”利伯曼如是说，她指的是政府官方的饮食指南， 该指南是基于对数百项研究的回顾。
  “专家的建议仍然很简单，”内斯特尔说，“我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。”

2021-06-02-46.—细节辨认题—难—有很多选项都有关键词，而真正的同义替换是“spotlight注意的中心”替换为“attention”

46. What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?【原文：That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.】
    A. They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.
    B. They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.
    C. They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.
    D. They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in people’s health.

50年前哈佛的科学家们在做什么？
A.他们提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识。
B.他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转向了脂肪。
C.他们的新发现使制糖业成为人们关注的焦点。
D.他们对s的作用进行了大规模的研究。

46.【定位】由题干中的Harvard scientists和50 years ago定位到首段第二句。

B 【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，50年前，制糖业资助哈佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，转移到了膳食脂肪。由此可见，他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转移到脂肪上，故答案为B。

【避错】文中并未提到50年前，科学家的研究提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识，故排除A 。根据定位句可知，他们的发现使人们关注了膳食脂肪，而非制糖业，故排除C。文中未提到哈佛大学科学家对糖在心脏病中的影响的研究程度和规模，故排除D。

2021-06-02-47.—推理判断题—难—由“Roughly 90%”推出“Nearly all of them”

47. What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?【原文：Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.】
    A. They took her a full year to track and analyze.
    B. Most of them are based on systematic reviews.
    C. They depend on funding from the food industries.
    D. Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.

马里昂·奈斯特对当今的营养研究有什么看法？
A.他们花了她整整一年的时间来追踪和分析。
B.大多数都是基于系统评价。
C.他们依赖食品工业的资金。
D.几乎所有的基金都服务于资助者的目的。

47.【定位】由题干中的Marion Nestle和 present-day nutrition studies定位到第二段。

D【精析】推理判断题。定位段第二、三句提到，纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时 间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。她指出，在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究都会偏袒赞助商的利益。其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。由此可知，几乎所有的营养研究都是为资助者服务的，D 中的Nearly all of them对应原文中的Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies, 故答案为D。

【避错】文章第二段第二句提到，玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时间跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。但是并没有提到是否进行了分析，故排除 A。第二段第三句指出，其他系统的研究综述也支持内斯特尔的结论。而非当今的营养研究是基于系统综述，故排除B 。

第二段第一句提到，令消费者惊讶的是，现在有很多营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。而非当今的营养研究必须依赖食品工业资助，C 项为过度推断，故排除。

2021-06-02-48.—细节辨认题—易

48. What did Coca-Cola-funded studies claim?【原文：Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.】
    A. Exercise is more important to good health than diet.
    B. Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.
    C. Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.
    D. The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.

可口可乐资助的研究声称了什么？
A.运动比饮食对身体健康更重要。
B.选择饮食是控制体重的关键。
C.喝可口可乐不会导致体重增加。
D.食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用。

48.【定位】由题干中的Coca-Cola-funded studies定位到第四段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。由此可见，由可口可乐公司资助的研究声称锻炼对于身体健康比饮食更重要，故答案为A。
【避错】定位句指出，研究声称锻炼比饮食更重要。 B表述与定位句相矛盾，故排除。文章并未提及喝可口可乐不会增加体重，故排除C。 文章未提及食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用，故排除。

2021-06-02-49.—推理判断题—难—选项A有多个关键词，强干扰项，但是意思不对—推理难，由“it often gets what it pays for”推出“It rarely results in objective findings”

49. What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?【原文：“It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.】
    A. It simply focuses on nutrition and health.
    B. It causes confusion among consumers.
    C. It rarely results in objective findings.
    D. It runs counter to the public interest.

Liebman对行业资助的研究有什么看法？
A.它只是关注营养和健康。
B.它会引起消费者的困惑。
C.它很少产生客观的结果。
D.违背公共利益。

49.【定位】由题干中的Liebman 和 industry-funded research 定位到第五段。

C 【 精析】推理判断题。第五段第二、三句提到，利伯曼认为“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业的发展的发现。由此可见，由食品工业资助的研究，其结果并不客观，故答案为C。

【避错】文中并没有提及这些研究只关注营养和健康，A为无中生有，故排除。定位段指出，这些研究的结果大多有利于推动该行业的发展，而非这些结果会对大众造成混乱，B 为过度推断，故排除。文章并未提及利伯曼认为这些研究结果会损害公众利益，故排除D。

2021-06-02-50.—推理判断题—易—由“skeptical (怀疑的）”推出“Think twice”，而且选项D后面接的也是定位句的关键词

50. What is the author’s advice to consumers?【原文：Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. 】
    A. Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.
    B. Be doubtful of diet experts’recommendations.
    C. Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.
    D. Think twice about new nutrition research findings.

作者对消费者的建议是什么？
A.根据他们的直觉来决定吃什么。
B.对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度。
C.忽略他们信息流中的不相关信息。
D.对新的营养研究发现三思而后行。

50.【定位】由题干中的author’s advice to consumers 定位到第六段第一句。

D 【 精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。由此可见，作者的建议是对新的营养研究成果三思而 后行，D 中的 Think twice 对应原文中的 skeptical, 故答案为D。

【避错】文章末段最后两句提到，我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。这句话的意思是其他应该怎么做其实很难通过实验的方式验证，而非建议读者要靠直觉，A 为过度推断，故排除。定位句指出，要对新的研究结果持怀疑的态度，而非对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度，故排除 B 。定位句指出，消费者应忽略新闻推送的最新研究，而非忽略无关信息，故排除C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.
  When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.
  Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.
  Working at home or in cafes, starting businesses of their own, and even launching business ventures that eventually may fail, all indicate “initiative,” “creativity,” and “adaptability,” which are desirable qualities in today’s workplace. Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.
  Who are these people? They are artists, writers,programmers,providers of office services and career advice.:What’s needed now is a marketplace platform specifically designed to bring freelancers and clients together.Such platforms then become a place to feature the most experienced, professional, and creative talent.This is where they conduct business, where a sense of community reinforces the culture and values of the gig economy (零工经济),and where success is rewarded with good reviews that encourage more business.
  Slowly but surely, these platforms create a bridge between traditional enterprises and this emerging economy. Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.

  (51)成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后 安度晚年。我的父亲就是一名成功的高管。35年来，他只在三家公司任职。
  (52) 当我开始我的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你 并未在职业生涯中前进。但是在那个时候，如果你是一名顾问或自由职业者，人们就会认为你有问题。他 们会认为你在找工作方面有困难。
  (53)现如今，能够同时为五家企业做咨询或做自由职业者是荣耀的象征。这能说明一个人的价值所 在。很多公司如今都指望这些“最出色的专业人士”来解决他们全职团队无法解决的问题。或者他们通过 仅为特殊项目雇用“顶尖专家”来节省资金。
  在家或是在咖啡厅工作，自己创业，甚至发起最终可能会失败的商业风投，都表明了“主动性”、“创造力” 和“适应性”，这些都是现如今的职场非常需要的品质。(54)最重要的是，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值。
  这些人是谁呢?他们是艺术家、作家、程序员、提供办公服务和职业建议的人。目前需要的是一个专 门为集合自由职业者和客户而搭建的职场平台。这样的平台将成为最具经验、最专业和最有创造力的人才的聚集地。这就是他们经营业务的地方，在这里，社区意识会强化这种零工经济的文化和价值，在这里， 成功会得到良好的评价，从而催生更多的业务。
  虽然漫长但非常确定的是，这些平台在传统企业和这一新兴经济之间架起了一座桥梁。(55)或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎。

2021-06-02-51.—推理判断题—易—选项C出现关键词success

51. What does the author use the example of his father to illustrate? 【原文：Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.】
    A. How long people took to reach the top of their career.
    B. How people accumulated wealth in his father’s time.
    C. How people viewed success in his father’s time.
    D. How long people usually stayed in a company.

51. 作者用他父亲的例子来说明什么？
A.人们达到事业巅峰所花的时间。
B.在他父亲的时代人们是如何积累财富的。
C.在他父亲的时代，人们是如何看待他的。
D.人们通常在一家公司呆多久。

51.【定位】由题干中的the example of his father定位到第一段。

C【精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后安度晚年。第三、四句提到了作者父亲的亲身经历，用以说明该 段前两句的内容，即在其父辈的年代，人们对于成功的定义是怎样的，故答案为C。

【避错】文章首段虽然提及了在作者父辈的年代，人们会在一家公司中努力晋升并积累财富，但并未提及晋升的年限问题以及积累财富的方式，故排除A 和 B。

该段虽然提到了作者父亲任职的时间，但是并不能代表所有人的情况，故排除D。

2021-06-02-52.—细节辨认题—易—getting ahead in your career替换为advance in their career

52. Why did people often change jobs when the author started his career?【原文：When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.】
    A. It was considered a fashion at that time.
    B. It was a way to advance in their career.
    C. It was a response to the changing job market.
    D. It was difficult to keep a job for long.

52. 为什么当作者开始他的职业生涯时，人们经常换工作？
A.那时候它被认为是一种时尚。
B.这是他们在事业上进步的一种方式。
C.这是对不断变化的就业市场的回应。
D.长期保持一份工作是困难的。

52.【定位】由题干中的often change jobs和 the author started his career定位到第二段第一、二句。

B【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，当作者开始他 的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每 三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你并未在职业生涯中前进。由此可知，人们频繁换工作是为了 促进职业发展，故答案为B。

【避错】A 项提及的时尚问题，在定位段中并无体现，故排除。C 项提及不断变化的就业市场，同样在第二段中没有涉及，故排除。D 项指出长久地 坚持一份工作很难，文中无此类表述，故排除。

2021-06-02-53.—细节辨认题—难—“ It shows how valuable an individual is”推出“regarded as most treasured talents”

53. What does the author say about people now working for several businesses at the same time?【原文：Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.】
    A. They are often regarded as most treasured talents.
    B. They are able to bring their potential into fuller play.
    C. They have control over their life and work schedules.
    D. They feel proud of being outstanding problem solver.

53. 对于现在同时为几家公司工作的人，作者说了什么？
A.他们通常被认为是最宝贵的才能。
B.他们是能够充分发挥他们的潜力。
C.他们可以控制自己的生活和工作安排。
D.他们为自己是杰出的问题解决者而感到自豪。

53.【定位】由题干中的working for several businesses at the same time定位到第三段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，现如今，能够同时为五家企业工作是荣耀的象征。接下来的一句指出这能说明一个人的价值所在。也就是说，能同时为多家企业工作的人通常是有价值的人才， 故答案为A。

【避错】第三段并未提及能同时为多家企业工作的人是否充分发挥了他们的潜力，故排除B。第四段虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，但我们无法得知这些人是不是同时为多家企业工作的人，故排除C。文中并未提及人们是否为自己能 出色地解决问题而自豪，故排除D。

2021-06-02-54.—细节辨认题—难—“who”替换为“What kind of people”

54. What have businesses come to recognize now?【原文：Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.】
    A. Who is capable of solving problems with ease.
    B. How people can be more focused and productive.
    C. What kind of people can contribute more to them.
    D. Why some people are more passionate about work.

54. 企业现在认识到了什么？
A.能轻松解决问题的人。
B.人们如何才能更专注、更有效率。
C.什么样的人能对他们贡献更多。
D.为什么有些人对工作更有激情。

54.【定位】由题干中的businesses 和 recognize 定位到第四段第二句。

C【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值，故答案为C。

【避错】文中未提及A 谁能够轻松解决问题，故排除。定位句虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人会更加专注和高效，但强调的是这类人能够为企业带来价值，而不是人们如何更加专注和高效，故排除B 。文中并未提及为什么有些人对工作更热情，故排除D。

2021-06-02-55.—细节辨认题—易—同义替换—“transformation”替换为“change”

55. What does the author say about the gig economy?【原文：Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.】
    A. It may force companies to reform their business practice.
    B. It may soon replace the traditional economic model.
    C. It will drive technological progress on a global scale.
    D. It will bring about radical economic and social changes.

55. 作者对“零工经济”说了些什么？
A.它可能会迫使公司改革他们的商业惯例。
B.它可能很快取代传统的经济模式。
C.它将在全球范围内推动技术进步。
D.它将带来彻底的经济和社会变革。

55.【定位】根据选项内容和题文同序原则定位到最后一段末句。

D 【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎，故答案为D。

【避错】文中没有提及它可能迫使公司改变运营方式，故排除A。 结合文章大意，零工经济仍在发展阶段，并不会很快替代传统经济，故排除B。文中只提及了零工经济对经济和社会的影响，未提及其对技术的影响，故排除C。

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer sheet 2.

  普洱(Pu’er)茶深受中国人喜爱。最好的普洱茶产自云南的西双版纳(Xishuangbanna)，那里的气候和环境为普洱茶树的生长提供了最佳条件。普洱茶颜色较深，味道与其他许多茶截然不同。普洱茶泡(brew)的时间越长越有味道。许多爱喝茶的人尤其喜欢其独特的香味和口感。普洱茶含有多种有益健康的元素，常饮普洱茶有助于保护心脏和血管，还有减肥、消除疲劳和促进消化的功效。