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🥣导读页：这是管理类联考所有专栏的导航页→入栏需看——全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考，记得收藏哟，阅读无烦恼。🌊
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逻辑—管理类联考—知识+题库篇，
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数学—管理类联考—知识+题库篇，
数学—管理类联考—知识+记忆篇，
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英语—管理类联考—知识+题库+记忆篇
考试不迷路！🌊
🐥希望本文能够给读者带来一定的帮助~🌸文章粗浅，敬请批评指正！🐥
文章目录
2014 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
- 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定 位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
- 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
- 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
- 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
- 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have （1） that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually （2）.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.（3）,among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an （4） of good health.
Of even greater （5） is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined （6） body mass index,or BMI.BMI （7） body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight.Between 25 and 30 is overweight.And over 30 is considered obese.Obesity,（8）,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem （9）,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,（10） others with a low BMI maybe in poor （11）.For example,many collegiate and professional football players （12） as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a （13） BMI.
Today we have a(n) （14） to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes （15） in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes （16） with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. （17） very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, （18） in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity （19）.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.
Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign （20） childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
- [A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubted [D]ensured
- [A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome
- [A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore
- [A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example
- [A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern
- [A]in terms of [B]in case of [C]in favor of [D]in respects of
- [A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies
- [A]in essence [B]in contrast [C]in turp [D]in part
- [A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward
- [A]so [B]while [C]since [D]unless
- [A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste
- [A]start [B]qualify [C]retire [D]stay
- [A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant
- [A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency
- [A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored
- [A]compared [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated
- [A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only
- [A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded
- [A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies
- [A]for [B]against [C]with [D]without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
What would you do with $590m?This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie,an 84- year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment,she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly.What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to spend money on experiences,say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema.These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most“happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work,spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfilment,not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors’policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
- According to Dunn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?
[A]A big house.
[B]A special tour.
[C]A stylish car.
[D]A rich meal. - The author’s attitude toward Americans’watching TV is
[A]critical
[B]supportive
[C]sympathetic
[D]ambiguous - McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that ______
[A]consumers are sometimes irrationa
[B]popularity usually comes after quality
[C]marketing tricks are often effective
[D]rarity generally increases pleasure - According to the last paragraph,Happy Money ______
[A]has left much room for readers’criticism
[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US
[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement - This text mainly discusses how to ______
[A]balance feeling good and spending money
[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that,actually,you think you’re more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the“above average effect,”or“illusory superiority,”and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,93%in driving and 85%at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.We become defensive when criticised,and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self- enhancement and attractiveness.Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others,he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.Visual recognition,reads the study,is“an automatic psychological process,occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation.”If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most(that is,the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.In fact,those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem.“I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley.“It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.”If you are depressed,you won’t be self-enhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley’s study,it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level,they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves.Facebook,therefore,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos,the cream of their wit,style,beauty,intellect and lifestyles.It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University,“but they portray an idealised version of themselves.”
- According to the first paragraph,social psychologists have found that ______
[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B]illusory superiority is a baseless effect
[C]our need for leadership is unnatural
[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective - Visual recognition is believed to be people’s ______
[A]rapid matching
[B]conscious choice
[C]intuitive response
[D]automatic self-defence - Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to ______
[A]underestimate their insecurities
[B]believe in their attractiveness
[C]cover up their depressions
[D]oversimplify their illusions - The word“viscerally”(Para.5)is closest in meaning to ______
[A]instinctively
[B]occasionally
[C]particularly
[D]aggressively - It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer’s paradise because people can ______
[A]present their dishonest profiles
[B]define their traditional lifestyles
[C]share their intellectual pursuits
[D]withhold their unflattering sides
Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet,it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle.Certain jobs have gone away for good,outmoded by machines Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs,this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened.This argument has attracted a lot of attention,via the success of the book Race Against the Machine,by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument,and a scary one.And yet,John Hagel,author of The Power of Pull and other books,says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S.that tend to be“tightly scripted”and“highly standardized”ones that leave no room for“individual initiative or creativity.”In short,these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings.That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers,Hagel says.
It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted,since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work,Hagel says.In our rapidly changing economy,we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.”That is not something machines are good at.They are designed to perform very predictable activities.
As Hagel notes,Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book.We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.In other words,we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it.So then the problem is not really about technology,but rather,“how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”
- According to the first paragraph,economic downturns would ______
[A]ease the competition of man vs.machine
[B]highlight machines’threat to human jobs
[C]provoke a painful technological revolution
[D]outmode our current economic structure - The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ______
[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities
[B]automation is accelerating technological development
[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation
[D]man will finally win the race against machine - Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S.are often ______
[A]performed by innovative minds
[B]scripted with an individual style
[C]standardized without a clear target
[D]designed against human creativity - According to the last paragraph,Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ______
[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times
[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace - Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text? [A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices?
[B]Machines will Replace Human Labor
[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines?
[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.
Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister, Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing f4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour Party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed,the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
- The author believes that the housing sector ______
[A]has attracted much attention
[B]involves certain political factors
[C]shoulders too much responsibility
[D]has lost its real value in economy - It can be learned that affordable housing has ______
[A]increased its home supply
[B]offered spending opportunities
[C]suffered government biases
[D]disappointed the government - According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may ______
[A]allow greater government debt for housing
[B]stop local authorities from building homes
[C]prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast - It can be inferred that a stable rental enyironment would ______
[A]lower the costs of registered providers
[B]lessen the impact of government interference
[C]contribute to funding new developments
[D]relieve the ministersof responsibilities - The author believes that after 2015,the government may ______
[A]implement more policies to support housing
[B]review the need for large-scale public grants
[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art,typified by Richard Long’s piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long’s photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.
Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stand for its dirty,urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brick- strewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park,in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable
Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,with a glass that’s perpetually half full.But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar,a Harvard professor.According to Ben-Shahar,realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.When he feels down—say,after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human.He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner;some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction.He analyzes the weak lecture,learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally,there is perspective,which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions：
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student.Write him an email to
（1）tell him about your living habits,and
（2）ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
48. Directions：
Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should
1）interpret the chart and
2）give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
答案
Section I use of English
太瘦并不总是好事。一系列研究已经(1)得出结论：事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高 于超重的人。而且，有一些情况还是：超重实际上对人的健康起到一定的(2)保护作用。例如。 相比于苗条的女人，较胖的女人较不可能缺钙。(3)同样地，在老年人中，一定程度的超重常常 是健康的(4)标志。
需要更加(5)关注的是，事实上，很难给肥胖下定义。肥胖通常是(6)根据身体质量指数，或 者BMI 来定义。BMI(7) 等于体重除以身高的平方。一个成年人的BMI 在18到25 之间通常 被认为是正常体重。在25到30之间是超重。超过30就是肥胖了。肥胖，可以(8)依次分为适 度肥胖，重度肥胖和极度肥胖。
虽然这种数字标准看起来很(9)直观，实际上不是的。与其说肥胖是体重的问题，不如说是 脂肪的问题。一些BMI 很高的人实际上身材正好，(10)但是那些BMI 低的人。(11)身材却不 佳。例如，尽管一些校队和专业足球运动员(12)被认为肥胖，但是他们的体脂肪百分比却很低。 相反，一些骨架小的人可能有很高的脂肪比，但BMI 值却(13)正常。
如今，我们有一种将肥胖视为耻辱的(14)倾向。在媒体采访中，肥胖者的脸有时会被(15) 打上马赛克。与肥胖(16)相关的老套看法包括懒惰，缺乏意志力以及对成功的期望不高。调杳 显示教师，雇主，健康专家对肥胖藏有偏见。(17)甚至连小孩都会看不起超重的人，嘲笑别人的 身材一直是学校里存在的一个问题。
(18)基于对健康的考虑，对肥胖持有的消极态度刺激了一批反肥胖的(19)政策。我所在的医疗 体系已在其设施中禁止了含糖饮料。很多雇主都制定了减肥和健身的初步计划。米歇尔 ·奥巴马 发起了备受关注的(20)抵制青少年肥胖症的运动，其至声称肥胖是我们国家最严重的安全威胁。
- 答案 B
词义辨析题。本段第一句就指出太瘦并不总是好事。再看空格所在处的句子：空格前的意 思是“一系列的研究”,而空格后说“正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人”。再综合四 个选项，只有[B] 符合，为“得出结论”的意思。因此正确选项为[B]。 - 答案 A
上下文语义及词义辨析题。从“there are health conditions…”中的“health”, 即健康一词可 见空格处应填入一个表示好的方面的词，排除[B],[D] 项 。[A] 项表示保护性的，[C] 项表 示充足的。联系上下文，正确选项为[A]。 - 答案 C
逻辑判断题。此处需要填入连接上下文的副词。空格前的一句说“相比于苗条的女人，较胖 的女人较不可能缺钙，”空格所在句则说“在老年人中，一定程度的超重常常是健康的指标”, 上下文都是说明超重的好处，因此[C] 项“likewise” 即“同样地”为正确选项。 - 答案 A
词义辨析题。本句的意思为“一定程度的超重常常是健康的 ”,本段一直在说超重与 健康的紧密联系，因此[A] 项“indicator” (标志)与上下文语义相符。 [B] 项意为“目的，目 标”,[C] 项意为“起源，来源”,[D] 项意为“例子，榜样”,将这三项代入原文，与上文不衔接。 所以正确选项为[A]。 - 答案 D
词义辨析与上下文语义辨析题。本句话的句意是“需要更加 的是，很难给肥胖下定 义”。前文已经说到肥胖实际上是有利于健康的，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥 胖，因此需要更加关注的是对肥胖的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以[D] 为正确选项。 - 答案 A
语义辨析题。此处考查肥胖与身体重量指标的关系，再联系上一句“很难对肥胖下定义”这句 话，可知空格处应说明肥胖是如何被定义的，[A] 项“in terms of”意为“根据……”,“就……而 言”,[B] 项“In case of”表示“在某种情况下”,[C] 项“in favor of”表示“赞成”,[D] 项“in respect of”表示“关于……”。将这四项代入原文，只有[A] 项符合句意，因此答案为[A]。 - 答案 C
词义辨析题。空格所在句意思为“BMI 体重除以身高的平方”,是BMI 的计算方 法，所以[C] 项“equals” 即“等于”符合题意。 - 答案 C
词组辨析题和语义逻辑分析题。肥胖可以 分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。肥 胖程度是依次增加的，所以[C] 项“in turn”即“依次”符合。[A] 项为“本质上”,[B] 项为“相 反”,[D] 项为“部分地”,将这三个选项带入原文都不符合题意，因此排除。 - 答案 D
词义辨析题。本句的意思为“虽然这种数字标准看起来很 ,实际上不是的”。这里的 数字标准指的就是肥胖指数，并且算法也很简单，很明了，所以[D] 选项“straightforward” 即 直截了当的，直观的，符合题意，因此正确答案为[D]。 - 答案 B
语义逻辑题。空格处需要填入一个连接前后两个分句的连词。本句意思为“一些BMI 很高 的人实际上身材正好， 那些BMI 低的人，身材却不佳”。可见这两个句子是转折的关 系，表示对比。所以应该选[B]“while” 即“然而”。 - 答案 A
本句是一个对比，前半句说“一些 BMI 很高的人实际上身材很好”,下半句则说“然而那些 BMI 低的人，身材却 ”,可见此处是一个与“身材很好”相反的词。因此[A] 项 “shape” 即“体形，身材”符合。 - 答案 B
词义辨析题。本句用足球运动员举例说明上文，即“一些BMI 很高的人实际上身材正好，然 而那些 BMI 低的人，身材却不佳”。B 项“qualify”与“as”连用，意思为“算得上……”,符合题意。 - 答案 C
词义辨析题及上下文语义判断题。此处要注意“conversely” 这个词，其意思为“相反地”,可 见后面要说的内容是“骨架小的人脂肪比例高，但是BMI 值却正常”。因此，[C] 项“normal” 即“正常的”正确。 - 答 案 D
词义辨析题。此段的第二句话说“在媒体采访中，肥胖者的脸常常会被打上马赛克”,可见， 人们有视肥胖为耻辱的倾向。将[A] 选项“选择”,[B] 选项“原因”,[C] 选项“机会”带入原 文，都不合理。只有[D] 项“倾向”符合。 - 答案 B
词义辨析题。此段第一句已经说我们有视肥胖为耻辱的倾向，而空格所在句提到了媒体，根 据语境，可知是“在媒体中出现的肥胖者通常被打上马赛克”,只有[B] 项符合语义。
16.答案 D
词义辨析题。空格所在句的意思是“与肥胖 的老套看法包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成 功的期望值不高”。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望值不高都是与肥胖相 关的表现，分析四个选项，[A] 项“与……相比”;[B] 项“与……相结合”;[C] 项“与……和 解”都不符合题意，只有[D] 与……相关符合句意。 - 答案 A
逻辑分析题。空格前说“老师……对肥胖藏有偏见”,空格后意思为“ 小孩都蔑视超重 的人”,可见此处需要填入一个逻辑关系词。只有[A] 项“even” 表示递进，符合语义。 - 答案 D
词义辨析题。根据语境，可知对于肥胖的消极态度刺激了一批反肥胖的政策，而现在我们要 填入一个词说明“对肥胖的消极态度”和“对健康的考虑”的关系。从逻辑关系上，我们不难 看出对肥胖的消极态度是出于健康角度的考虑，因此[D] 项 “grounded” 即“依据，根据，基 于”为正确选项。 - 答案 C
词义辨析题。空格后的句子是解答此题的依据。空格后出现了如“ban sugar drinks”, “weight loss and fitness initiative”等，说的是一系列的为了反对肥胖而采取的政策，因此 空格处应该填[C] 项“policies”即“政策”。 - 答案 B
逻辑分析题。本段的主题是为反对肥胖而采取的一系列的政策。另外，本段最后一小句说 米歇尔 ·奥巴马“甚至声称肥胖是我们国家最严重的安全威胁”。从这两处可以看出她是反 对青少年肥胖的，因此应选[B]“against” 即“反对”。
Section II Reading comprehension：
Part A
Text 1
如果你有5.9亿美元，你会做什么?这就是84岁的寡妇 Gloria MacKenzie现在面临的问 题。她最近才从她那位于佛罗里达州的小铁皮屋顶的房子里走出来，去领历史上最大的彩票头 奖。如果她希望这笔意外之财给她带来持久的满足感，那她最好读一读 Elizabeth Dunn和 Michael Norton写的《快乐消费》这本书。
这两位学者用一系列的行为研究表明，回报最丰厚的花钱方式通常是反直觉的。人们幻想巨额财富时，常常会想到名车和豪宅。但是这种曾经让人为之兴奋的物质消费所带来的满足感很快就会消失，现在变得过时了。随之而来的就是后悔感。所以 Dunn 女士和 Norton 先生认为把钱花 在体验上更好，比如，有趣的旅行，特别的膳食，甚至是看一场电影。这些消费被当作故事或回忆 珍藏，随着时间的流逝变得更有价值，如果这些经历包含着与别人关联的感受时，尤其如此。
这本薄薄的书中满是小提示，能帮助工薪阶层和彩票中奖者获得“最大程度的幸福感”。似 乎如果人们能减少通勤时间，花更多的时间陪朋友和家人，少看点电视(普通美国人一年至少花 两个月的时间看电视，却无法因此快乐起来),大多数人都会生活得更好。买礼物送人或者把钱 捐给慈善机构往往比给自己买东西更愉快，而且有节制地购买奢侈品最令人愉快了。这显然就 是麦当劳限量出售其广受欢迎的烤汁猪排堡的原因——这是麦当劳采取的一种营销谋略。将 猪肉三明治变成大家痴迷的产品。
《快乐消费》的读者们很明显是幸运的大多数，他们忧虑的是如何获得满足感，而不是温饱问 题。钱未必能买到幸福，但是富裕国家的人民一般比贫穷国家的人幸福。然而世界上无论穷人还 是富人，在他们身上都能看到心情愉悦和为别人花钱之间的关系。而且对大多数人而言，稀缺性 加强了大多数事物的快乐价值。并不是每个人都会同意作者的政策理念，诸如批准更多的休假 时间和减少美国购房者的税收优惠。但是，大多数看完这本书的人都会认为买它是值得的。
- 答案 B
根据题干信息，定位到第二段。第二段第五句“It is far better to spend money on experiences … like interesting trips…”。选项[B] 一次特别的旅行正好对应原文的trips 。所 以[B] 正确。 本题的干扰项是[D] 项，文章第二段中说的是“一顿独特的膳食”,而[D] 变成了“一顿丰富的 膳食”,偷换了概念，因此错误。[A] 、[C] 选项是Dumn 和 Norton 不提倡的消费方式，因此 排除。 - 答案 A
根据题干可定位至文章第三段第二句。第二句说“似乎如果人们能减少通勤时间，花更多的 时间陪朋友和家人，少看点电视(普通美国人一年至少花两个月的时间看电视，却无法因此 快乐起来),大多数人都会说生活得更好”。很明显，作者认为美国人看电视的时间太多了， 不仅浪费了时间，也没有因此而快乐起来。作者在此很明确地表明了自己对美国人看电视 的态度，是批判的。 - 答案 D
由 Mcrib定位至第三段最后一句话。意思是“限量出售Mcrib是麦当劳采取的一种营销谋略。 使猪肉三明治变成大家痴迷的产品”。此段倒数第二句话也是关键，它提到“有节制地购买奢 侈品最令人愉快了”,因此[D] 选项与原句是同义替换。[D] 为正确答案。选项[A] 是根据第 三段最后一句中的“obsession” 设置的干扰项。但是本句中的“obsession” 是说麦当劳使猪 肉三明治变成了大家痴迷的产品，并不是说消费者有时候是不理性的，因此排除[A] 项。 [B] 项属于无中生有。最后一句虽然提到了“影响谋略”,但是并不是为了证明营销谋略的 效果。 - 答案 B
文章最后一段对《快乐消费》这本书进行了评价，最后一句提到“well spent”说明这本书是物有 所值的。因此应该选[B] 。[A] 选项是本题的干扰项，文章最后一段的确提到“并不是每个人 都会同意作者的政策理念”,但是这并不是作者要表达的重点，作者最后说这本书还是物有所
值 的 。[C] 选项文中并没有涉及。最后一段的确提到“fulfillment”, 但是作者说的是《快乐消 费》的读者们担心的是成就问题，而不是说这本书给他们带来了成就感。因此排除[D]。 - 答案 C
文章第一段先通过“一个获得头彩的老太太该如何花钱”这一话题引出文章的主题及《快乐 消费》一书。第二、三段对《快乐消费》这本书进行了介绍，讲述了消费与快乐之间的关系，并 给出了几个能获得满足感的消费方式。通览全文，作者都在围绕着如何从花钱中得到持续 的满足感这一话题进行论述的。因此[C] 项正确。[A] 项是利用最后一段第三句提到的“the link between feeling good and spending money”设置的强干扰项。但是本文强调的是通过 花钱获得满足感，并不是说平衡二者的关系。
Text 2
《科学美国人》上的一篇文章指出，实验研究显示：事实上，你想象中的自己比你本人更漂亮。 我们有一种深层次的自我感觉良好的需求而且我们很自然地运用一些自我提升的策略来满足这 一需求。社会心理学家已经积累了大量的数据，研究他们称为“高于均数效应”或者“虚幻的优越 感”的现象。调查显示，比如，我们中70%的人认为自己的领导能力高于均数，93%认为自己驾驶 技能高于均数，85%的人认为自己更能和别人友好相处 这些在统计学上显然是不可能的。
我们美化自己的记忆，而且将自己置身于一种自我肯定的处境里。当受到批评时我们变得 防备，而且我们还会把消极的陈词用在别人身上以增强自己的自尊心，我们昂首阔步，以为自己 是了不起的人。
心理学家，行为科学家Nicholas Epley跟进了一项关于自我提升和吸引力的关键性研究。 他并不是简单地让受试者通过和别人的对比来对自己的外貌评分，而是让他们在一组自己的照 片中找出原始的那张照片，这组照片都进行过处理，有的变美，有的变丑。这项研究显示：视觉 识别是“一种自发的心理过程，它会快速直观地发生，很少或没有很明显的深思熟虑”。如果受 试者很快选出了一张讨人喜欢的不真实的照片——大多数受试者都这么做 他们真的相信 自己就长这样。
Epley 发现受试者的回答中没有明显的性别差异。也没有任何证据表明那些自我提升程 度最大的受试者(也就是那些相信被修改得最好看的那张照片是其真实样子的受试者)这样做 是为了弥补自己强烈的不安全感。事实上，那些认为自己的形象更具有吸引力的人也显示出具 有较高的自尊心的特征。“我认为，这个结果并不是人们妄想的一个证据，”Epley 说，“只是反 映出人们普遍喜欢乐观地看待自己。”如果你很沮丧，你不会自我提升的。
了解了Epley 的研究结果，很多人发自内心地讨厌自己的照片就讲得通了—从某种层面来讲，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。因此，“脸谱”成为自我提升者的天堂，在那里人们 可以只分享最好看的照片，他们的智慧，风格，美貌，智力和生活方式的精华。这并不是说人们 的个人资料不诚实，麦迪逊大学的Catalina Toma说，“但是大家的确描绘出了一个理想化的自己的形象”。
- 答案 A
由社会心理学家定位至第一段第三行“Social psychologist have…impossibilities”后面紧接 着说道：“我们中70%的人认为自己的领导能力高于均数，93%认为自己驾驶技能高于均 数，85%的人认为自己更能和别人友好相处——这些在统计学上显然是不可能的。”由此可
知，我们对自己的评价不切实际的高，因此[A] 为正确答案。本段中的确提到了虚幻的优越 感，也列举了数据说明这种优越感的确存在，因此并不是毫无根据的，排除[B] 项 。[C] 项也 是本题的干扰项，原文中只是提到70%的人认为自己的领导能力高于均数，并没有说我们 对领导权是否有需求，因此[C] 项排除。文中提到我们会运用一些自我提升策略，但是并没 有提到有效与否。因此排除[D]项。 - 答案 C
根据题干定位至第三段第四行“Visual recognationo,is an automatic…intuitively … deliberation”, 意思为：视觉识别是“一种自发的心理过程，这种过程快速直观地发生，很少或 没有很明显的深思熟虑”。原文中也有“intuitively” 这个词。因此选[C] 。 文章中的确出现 了“rapidly”(快速地)“conscious(有意识的)”以及“automatic(自发的)”,但是分别指的是 occuring rapidly(快速发生),with little or no apparent conscious deliberation(很少或没有 很明显的深思熟虑)和automatic psychological process(自发的心理过程)。因此[A] 、[B]、 [D] 项排除。 - 答案 B
根据题干定位至第四段第三行最后“those who thought…higher self-esteem”,意思为“那些 认为自己的形象更具有吸引力的人也显示出具有较高的自尊心的特征”。接着，Epley 说， 这个结果并不是人们妄想的一个证据，只是反映出人们普遍喜欢乐观地看待自己。故答案 选[B]项。文中提到了不安全感，但是却并没有说人们高估还是低估了它，也没说是否与自 尊心更强的人相符合，因此排除[A]。第四段最后一句说“如果你很沮丧，你不会自我提升 的”,因此排除[C]。同样在第四段，讲到“delusion”, 但是讲的是现有的发现并不能证明这 是个人欺骗，因此排除[D]。 - 答案 A
这个副词紧跟在hate photographs of themselves后，再联系选项，该词应该是讲人们讨厌的 程度。而本句破折号后说人们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。可见程度之深。再联系 前面多次提到人们有一种深层次的自我感觉良好的需求以及本能地认为经过美化的照片是 真实的，因此[A] 正确。本题的强干扰项是[C] 项，虽然看起来把[C] 项放入原文中，语义上 也讲得通，但是联系本文所讲的内容，“讨厌自己的照片”是人们共有的特征，并不具有特殊 性。因此排除[C]项。 - 答案 D
根据题干定位至最后一段第二句话。第二句话提到“‘脸谱’成为自我提升者的天堂，在那里 人们可以只分享最好看的照片，他们的智慧，风格，美貌，智力和生活方式的精华。”紧接着， 引用麦迪逊大学的Catalina Toma所说的“这并不是说人们的个人资料不诚实，但是大家的 确描绘出了一个理想化的自己的形象”。也就是说人们在“脸谱”上发布的都是讨人喜欢的 一面，掩盖了他们不讨好的方面，因此[D] 项正确。同样，由这句话可以排除[A] 项。[B] 项 属于无中生有，[C]项只是人们在“脸谱”上的其中一项活动，因此排除。
Text 3
人与机器的对决至少可以追溯到工业革命时期，但是在经济低迷、复苏无力的时期，这种现 象似乎更能深切地感受到。然而，那些认为我们现在只是经历盛衰周期的阵痛期的想法是错误的。一些工作因为机器的出现变得过时，永久地消失了。由于科技总是贪得无厌地吞噬人类的工作，这种现象会继续以我们无法立刻预见的方式重建经济结构。
随着技术在成本与性能表现方面的快速发展，那些曾被认为会免受自动化技术影响的工作 突然也面临着威胁。来自麻省理工数学商务中心的Erik Brynjolfsson和 Andrew McAfee的新 书《与机器赛跑》大卖，使得这一论据吸引了不少关注。
这个论据很有说服力，但同时又让人恐慌。然而著有《拉动力》和其他书籍的 John Hagel 认为Brynjolfsson 和McAfee 忽视了这些工作易受科技影响的首要原因。
Hagel说，在美国，我们把工作设计成“模式化”,“高度规范化”的一种，使得人们没有太多 “个人主动权和创造性”。简而言之，有一些工作是机器比人做的要好得多的。这就是我们为美 国工人贴上巨人标签的方式，Hagel 说。
Hagel坦言，是时候彻底改造管理工作的规则了，因为我们对工作的认知还停留在20世 纪。在经济形势迅速转变的今天，我们比以往更需要那些在工作中主动利用创造力去“解决不 可预知的事件”的人才。那是机器不擅长的事情。它们被设计的初衷是执行可以预见的事情。
Hagel 同时指出，Brynjolfsson和 McAfee 的确在他们的书中提到了这一点。我们需要重 新定义“与机器竞赛”的观念，变为“与机器一起赛跑”。换句话说，我们应寻找使机器人增强人 类劳动能力而不是代替人力劳动的方法。由此可见，问题不在于技术本身，而在于“我们如何革 新制度及工作方式”
- 答案 B
根据“economic downturns”定位至本段第一句话，大意为在经济低迷时期，人和机器的对决 更加明显，再看“Certain jobs have gone away for good,outmoded by machine”这句话以及 “technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs”,就会知道，第一句话 中人与机器的对决是指机器对人类工作岗位造成了威胁，因此[B] 项正确。[A] 项与文章原 意相反，经济衰退时期，人和机器的竞争并没有缓和，而是加剧了。因此排除[A] 项。[C] 项 是根据第一段第二句中的“painful” 设置的干扰项，原文 painful 指的是盛衰周期的阵痛期， 并没有提到痛苦的技术革命，因此[C] 项排除。[D] 项偷换了概念，原文的意思是“科技会重 建经济结构”,而不是说经济衰退，因此排除[D]项。 - 答案 A
由《与机器赛跑》可定位至第二段第二句话，这句话说《与机器赛跑》这本书大卖，使得这个论 据吸引了不少关注。而“这个论据”就要看第一句话了。第一句话说“随着技术在成本与性 能表现方面的快速发展，那些曾被认为会免受自动化技术影响的工作突然也面临着威胁”。 这句话的意思就是说科技正在减少人类的工作机会，因此[A] 项正确。[C] 项与原文意思相 左，排除。[B] 、[D] 项在文中没有涉及。 - 答案 D
由 Hagel 和 jobs可以定位至第四段第一句话“we have designed jobs in the U.S.that tend to be *tightly scripted’and ‘highly standardized’ones that leave no room for *individual initiative or creativity’”,意思是在美国，我们把工作设计成“模式化”,“高度规范化”的一 种，使得人们没有太多“个人主动权和创造性”。可知此题答案为[D] 。[A] 项与文中表述相 左，[B]项虽然“script”一词文中有出现，但是指的是工作模式固定，而不是有个人风格，因此 排除[B] 项，[C] 项虽然“有统一的标准”在文中有提到，但是并没有提到“没有明确的目标”, 因此排除[C] 项。 - 答案 D
文章最后一段并没有清楚地指出 Brynjolfsson和 McAfee 的观点，但是却提到Brynjolfsson 和McAfee 在他们的书中的确触及到了这一点。这一点我们需要到上一段寻找，上一段讲 如今需要调整工作的模式(formula), 更多地需要人们发挥能动性与想象力，而机器只是在 具有可预见性的工作中比人类出色。因此，可以判断[D] 选项“人类参与工作的必要性”与此相符，为正确答案。选项[A] 内容“机器行为在操作中的可预见性”与两位作者书中所讨 论的内容不符，排除。本题的强干扰项是[B] 项，文章第五段第一句话的确提到“是时候彻 底改造管理工作的规则了”,但这是Hagel 的观点，并不是Brynjolfsson 和 McAfee 的观点， 排除。文章并没有提到机器代替人类劳动的方式，因此排除[C] 项。 - 答案 C
本文在第一段就提出了“人和机器对决”的话题，然后围绕这一话题分析原因，寻求解决办 法。因此[C] 项符合。[A] 项只在文章最后一段提到，是解决办法，并不全面，因此排除。文 章只是提到机器代替了人类的一些工作岗位，但并没有提到在这场竞争中人和机器谁会获 胜，因此排除[B] 项 。[D] 项只在文中稍微提到，并不代表全文主旨，因此排除。
Text 4
当政府谈论对经济做出贡献的基础设施时，其关注的焦点通常放在公路，铁路，宽带和能源这几个行业上，但却很少提住房建设。
为什么会这样呢?在一定程度上，房地产业本身必须承担责任。我们还不擅长传达房地产业对经济增长产生的实际价值。另一个原因就是典型的房地产项目的规模问题。它很难在数十亿英镑的基础设施建设中脱颖而出获得关注，所以不可避免的，人们的关注焦点就在别处了。 但是或许最重要的原因是房地产行业总是被政治制约。
然而，经济适用房的情况让人绝望。等待批准的申请人名单一直在增加，但是我们却还没 建出足够多的新房子。
综合开支审查为政府提供了机会来修正这一问题。这就需要政府摒弃其历史性偏见，并且 采取一些措施解决我们迫切的住房需求。
一些迹象显示政府正准备这么做。社区大臣 Don Foster 暗示说，财政大臣George Osborne 可能会灵活放宽现在地方政府用来偿还建房贷款的限额。有证据显示，如果限额放 宽，未来五年会有6万个额外的新住房，国内生产总值也会增加0.6%。
部长们也应该着眼于创造更稳定的租赁环境，这会对注册承建商产生重大的影响，他们会 用租赁取得的收益来投资新项目。
但是这不应该仅仅依靠政府。尽管这些措施在短期内会大受欢迎，但是我们必须正视这个 事实：现在用来资助经适房建设的价值45亿英镑的拨款计划将会于2015年到期，以后也不可 能延期了。工党近期称如果他们重新上台，将会保留该党大部分的开支计划。房地产业需要接 受这一现实：我们不可能再回到大规模的公共拨款的时代了。我们需要适应这一变化的环境。
尽管政府关于长期融资的承诺可能已经改变了，但对更多的经济适用房的迫切要求却是真 实的，不会消失的。
-
答 案 B
根据房地产业定位至文章第二段。其中有一句“…the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.”,解释了第一段中提到的政府很少提及房地产 的主要原因，即“房地产业一直受到政治的制约”,因此[B] 项正确。[A] 项与原文中第一段 提到的“政府很少提及房地产”说法相左。因此[A] 项不正确。[C] 项说房地产业承担了太 多的责任，但原文中说“在某种程度上应该承担责任”,因此[C] 项排除。[D] 项说房地产业 丧失了其在经济中的实际价值。说法太过绝对。 -
答案 C
根据经济适用房可以定位至第三段。第三段提到了房地产业令人绝望的处境，接下来第四 段提出了解决办法。即“It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need”,因此答案选[C]。第三段说“等待批准的申请人 名单一直在增加，但是我们却还没建出足够多的新房子”,可见住房供应并没有增加。因此 [A] 项不正确。[B] 项偷换了概念。原文第四段只是说“综合开支审查为政府提供了机会来 修正这一问题”,并不是说提供了花销机会。[D] 项在文中并没有涉及。 -
答案 A
根据George Osborne可以定位至第五段第二句。该句提到：“财政大臣George Osborne 可 能会灵活放宽现在地方政府用来偿还建房贷款的限额。”因此该题应选[A] 项。该段提到 “未来五年会有60000个额外的新住房”,可见[B] 项错误。[C] 项与原文说的增加借贷限额 相反。[D] 项是干扰项。原文中出现的GDP 实际上是对政府放宽限额后进行的预测，与 George Osborne无关。 -
答案 C
根据稳定的租赁环境，可以定位至第六段。该段说道：“稳定的租赁环境会对注册承建商产 生重大的影响，他们会用租赁取得的收益来投资新项目。”意思是[C] 项与原文表述一致。原 文中提到“registered providers”,指的是租赁环境以及对其新发展的资助之间的关系，并没有 提到成本，因此排除[A] 。[B] 、[D] 项在原文中没有涉及，因此排除。 -
答案 D
根据题干定位至倒数第二段。该段提到：“现在用来资助经适房建设的价值45亿英镑的拨 款计划将会于2015年到期，以后也不可能延期了。”本段结尾处也提到“我们不可能再回到 大规模的公共拨款的时代了”,综合这两句可以得出2015年后政府将停止对房地产业的大 方资助。该段提到政府拨款计划将于2015年到期，以后也不会延期了，说明政府不可能试 试更多的政策支持房地产业了，因此排除[A] 项 。[B] 项政府是否会复审大规模公共资助的 需要在文中并没有涉及，因此[B] 项排除。[C] 项与原文意思相反，因此排除。
Part B
大地艺术出现在60年代后期，在70年代达到巅峰，是一系列新型艺术之一。包括人体艺术，表演艺术，行为艺术以及装置艺术，它们将艺术从画室和画廊的束缚中解放出来。大地艺术 家不是描绘风景，而是以大地本身这一实物形态为创作媒介。
英国的大地艺术，以Richard Long的作品最具有代表性，不仅在国内很成气候，而且与美 国同行相比更多变。事实上，虽然你可能认为大地艺术的展览只包括作品的种种记录而非作品 本身，但是Long 为其作品拍摄的照片就是其作品。既然“动作”发生在过去，照片就是它唯一的体现。
看起来似乎有点晦涩难懂，但是它定下了展览的基调，其展品包括许多黑白照片和相对较少的自然物体。
Long 是英国最著名的大地艺术家，他用来自波蒂斯黑德的浅紫色石头铺在画廊的地板上 打造出了完美的作品——Stone Circle,代表了地景艺术优雅和小众的一面。但另一方面，博伊 尔家族则代表了地景艺术脏乱，城市化的一面。博伊尔家族包括艺术家 Mark Boyle,Joan Hills以及他们的孩子，他们在画廊的墙壁上重新创造了英国风景的随意片段。他们的作品 Olaf Street Study是一片砖块散落的荒地，它贴近日常生活，刻画了我们大多数时间所能体验 的景色，这样的作品在这里为数不多。
公园特色，尤其是在早期作品中，起着重要的作用。像 John Hilliard的一幅很有趣的作品 Across The Park,其中描绘了一位披头散发的流浪者不断受到漂亮女孩的嘲笑，而且在不知情 的情况下受到攻击。这一系列的图像其实是同一张照片的不同部分。
然而，一般来说英国大地艺术家们更愿意远离城镇，到类似湖区或者威尔特郡丘陵区域这 些传统意义上景色美丽的地方去。尽管在当时可能并不明显，但是大多数作品都弥漫着浪漫的 空想主义精神，这种精神很容易被华兹华斯那类人理解。 Derek Jarman 的泛黄的电影 Towards Avebury,是一系列长长的，大多数是对威尔特郡景色的静态拍摄。该影片唤起了从 Samuel Palmer到 Paul Nash的英国风景绘画传统。
至于 Hamish Fulton,你会忍不住的感叹，这位苏格兰艺术家只是简单地发现了一个可以 在行走之间就获得回报的方式。像《Seven Days》就是其中典型的例子，这张单一的美丽的黑白照片记录了一次史诗般的漫步，照片下方列出的里程数和天数。就像这种精心挑选，规模相对 适中的展览中展示的那样，英国大地艺术并没有凌驾于风景之上，而更像是一种以风景为导向而创造出来的光影概念艺术。它起源于户外，但结果和Turner 和 Constable 的画作一样只能摆在美术馆。
- 答案 D
根据Stone Circle定位至第四段第一句。“Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.”。此句说Stone Circle代表了地景 艺术优雅和小众的一面。选项[D] 是对原句的同义替换。因此答案为[D]。 - 答案 E
根据 Olaf Street Study可定位至第四段第四句话。“Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brick-strewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time”,意思是“他们 的作品 Olaf Street Study 是一片砖块散落的荒地，它贴近日常生活，刻画了我们大多数时间 所能体验的景色，这样的作品在这里为数不多。 ”[E] 项 the ordinary side 是 commonplaceness的同义替换，因此答案为[E]。 - 答案 G
根据 Across the Park可定位至第五段。最后一行“that turns out to be different parts of the same photograph”(这一系列的图像其实是同一张照片的不同部分),选项[G]“contains images from different parts of the same photograph”是对该句的同义替换，因此答案为[G]。 - 答案 C
根据Towards Avebury定位至第六段第三句。“Towards Avebury,a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash” 。[C]选项中remind 一词是对 evoke的同义替换，而“the English landscape painting traditon”是对原句“a tradition of English landscae painting”的同义替换。因此答案为[C]。 - 答案 A
根据Seven Days可定位至最后一段第二句。“Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath”,[A]项中a long walk 是对原句an epic walk的原义替换。因此答案 为[A] 。本题的干扰项为F, 切忌看到最后一段的“Scottish artist”就选了[F] 项，[F] 项是说 体现了逃到苏格兰户外的浪漫情怀，但是文章第六段只是说艺术家们更喜欢远离城镇，到景 色美丽的地方去，他们的作品弥漫着浪漫主义空想精神，并没有指明哪一个作品说要逃到苏 格兰户外，因此排除[F]。
SectionIII Translation
46.大多数人都会把乐观定义为永远快乐，觉得杯子里总有半杯水。但这恰恰不是真正的 快乐，积极心理学家们并不提倡。哈佛大学教授Tal Ben-Shahar说：“健康的乐观意味着不 脱离现实。”按照Ben-Shahar 的说法，现实的乐观主义者是那些不管发生什么事情都力求从 中得到最大收获的人，而不是那些指望凡事都有最好结局的人。
Ben-Shahar运用三种方法保持乐观。当他情绪低落时——比如说一次课没讲好——他宽容自己，承认自己是凡人。他提醒自己，不是每堂课都有获诺贝尔奖的水准；总会有一些课的效果不如别的课。第二种方法是回顾。他分析讲得不好的课，为以后汲取有用的经验和失败的教训。最后，还有视角问题，要认识到在宏大的生命长卷里，一堂课真的不算什么。
Section IV Writing
Part A
Dear John,
My name is Li Ming,the Chinese student who will be your future roommate.I’m writing this email to get in touch with you in advance.I’d like to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.
To begin with,I am a positive person who loves sports and never stays up late in the night.To continue,I’d like to spend my spare time in travelling around because it broadens my horizon and revitalizes me.What about you?If you love travel as well,we can travel together in the future.
By the way,could you kindly offer me some proposals as regards living in your city?
I’m sure that we can get along well with each other.I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
Part B
As is clearly reflected in the column chart,there were distinguished contrasts between the population in urban and rural areas of China during the past two decades.Urban dwellers had skyrocketed to 666 million in 2010 from 300 million in 1990.By contrast,a remarkable decline occurred in the number of rural population from 834 million in 1990 to 674 million in 2010.
There are three reasons which account for such changes.First and foremost,there are more jobs available in urban areas.Consequently,more people flow to cities to pursue well-paid jobs and better living conditions.What’s more,government’s policies contribute to the fast development of urbanization.Last but not least,the transportation system in cities is more convenient than rural areas.
With the acceleration of urbanization,such established trend will surely continue in the upcoming years.However,urbanization also will leave cities susceptible to many problems,such as soaring house prices,pollution.Thus,due importance should be attached to these problems and precautions should be taken.
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