0、介绍
名词性从句:表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、主语从句。
形容词性从句:定语从句(限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句)。
副词性从句:状语从句(时间、条件、结果、目的、方式、让步、地点、比较)。
1、表语从句
A、介绍
表语从句 Predicative clause:在主句中充当表语成分的从句。表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。用于说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
B、连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有:be、look、seem、sound、appear、
C、引导词
(1)从属连词whether,as,as if / though引导的表语从句
My question is whether he left(or not).我的问题是他是否离开了
The house is as your father left it。这房子和你父亲离开时一样
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门
注意:as if/though“好像”,引导表语从句时要注意语态。
如果句中的情况与事实不相符,从句多用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;如果从句表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词要用“had + 过去分词”,如果从句表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might ,could )+动词原形。
Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if he were an American boy. (现在事实相反)
The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times. (与过去事实相反)
It looks as if it might rain. (与将来事实相反)
但是,如果as if/though引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符,从句则用陈述语气。
The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.
(2)because,why引导的表语从句
It's just because he doesn't know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她
That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(That's why…强调结果,why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)。
注意:what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。
注意:“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义, 但是 “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句, 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样。
注意:“That is because...”意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由, “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。
例如:He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
例如:He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果)
(3)、连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
连接副词 where,when,how
The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is whom we can trust. 问题是我们可以相信谁
The problem is whose work is the best. 问题是谁的作品最好
This is what I want.这就是我想要的
My problem is which computer to choose我的问题是不知道选哪个电脑好
You can be whoever you want to be. 你能成为你想成为的人
What he wants to get is whatever you have. 他想得到的是你所拥有的一切
The best approach is whichever cost the least money. 花最少钱的那个方法就是最好的方法
That’s where he was when the accident happened.那就是事故发生时他所在的地方
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是,他什么时候可以到达酒店
The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)。
(4)、从属连词that
that引导表语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。
It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.在她看来,他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们
(5)、使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发
D、注意事项
表语从句一定要用正常语序;
if不能引导表语从句,只能用whether 来引导;
在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致;
表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是连系动词。
E、题目
He’s _______as a “bellyacher” —he’s always complaining about something.
A.who is known
B.whom is known
C.what is known
D.which is known
bellyacher:爱发牢骚的人,爱抱怨的人。
The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
传统的观点是因为我们的大脑已经设定好让我们睡觉,所以我们睡觉。
You are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is ____ I disagree. (2004)
A. why B. where C. what D. how
“disagree”属于不及物动词, “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构。 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。你说每个人都应该是平等的,这是我所不同意的
2、宾语从句
A、介绍
在主从复合句中充当宾语,位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
B、时态
主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态;
主句是一般过去时,从句须用过去时态的某种形式:
当主句是过去式的时候:
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生;
②从句用过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前;
③从句谓语动词用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后;
④从句是一般真理,从句时态不根据主句时态而变化;
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
C、语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。即:连接代词/副词+陈述句语序。
D、引导词
从属连词:that、if、whether。
1、that 引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分时常省略。但下列情况除外:①介词宾语从句的that不能省略。②一个动词由并列连词连接两个或两个以上宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略。③在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中,that不省略。
例句:We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time。
2、Whether、if 引导宾语从句:两词可互换,但是下列情形除外:①从属连词后紧跟or not,只能用whether。②从句做介词宾语,只能用whether。③leave,put,discuss,doubt,decide后的宾语从句常用whether。④不定式前面只能用whether。⑤在 no matter 后表示是否,用whether而不用if。⑥引导否定概念的宾语从句时,只能用if。
例句:Everything depends on whether you agree with us。
例句:Steve wonders whether or not David wants to hit Rain = Steve wonders whether David wants to hit Rain or not = Steve wonders if David wants to hit Rain or no。
例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday。
连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever。
Do you know who has won this game?你知道谁赢了这一局游戏吗
I don’t know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁
The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Huawei or Apple smart phone? 你决定好是买华为还是苹果的手机了吗?
连接副词:when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。
E、动宾从句
1、大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句;
2、动词短语也可以带宾语从句,常见的词有:make sure(确保)、make up one’s mind(下决心)、keep in mind(牢记)。
3、需要借用形式宾语 it 的宾语从句,结构是:主语 + 动词 + it + 形容词/名词等宾语补足语 + 宾语从句:①动词find、feel、consider、make、believe、think、guess、suppose、expect、fancy、imagine等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用 it 做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置;并且主句为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,称为否定前移。②动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加 it(双宾语),这类动词有:hate、take、owe、have、see to、award、lend、hand、mail、offer、pass、pay、post、read、return、show、teach、tell。
例句:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone。
例句:I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
例句:I hate it that i love you.我讨厌我爱你。
F、介宾从句
1、用whether引导的;
2、用that、if 引导的介宾从句,比如 except、but、besides后可见that引导的宾语从句。
G、形容词宾语从句
有些形容词具有动词的含义。常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、sorry、afraid、satisfied、surprised。
I am sorry I am late。
I am glad that you can join us。