定时器&PWM应用编程

最新推荐文章于 2025-10-20 22:19:33 发布

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文章标签：

#单片机 #嵌入式硬件 #stm32

本文详细介绍了如何使用STM32通过CubeMX配置TIM2和TIM3实现串口定时控制LED灯，以及使用PWM技术调整LED灯亮度。步骤包括电路连接、CubeMX工程设置、代码编写和烧录输出。

一、串口定时LED灯

1.电路连接

LED灯长脚——+极 LED灯短脚——A1 RXD——A9 TXD——A10 3.3v—— +极

2.CubeMX建立工程

（1）选择芯片

（2）SYS配置

（3）RCC配置

（4）选择一个端口作为LED灯的输出

这里选择A1

(5)配置定时器（TIM）2、3

（6）配置NVIC

（7）USART

（8）时钟配置

（9）生成项目

3.修改代码

用keil打开创建的项目将main.c修改

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2022 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "tim.h"
#include "usart.h"
#include "gpio.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */
/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_NVIC_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
  uint8_t hello[20]="hello windows!\r\n";
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_TIM2_Init();
  MX_TIM3_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();

  /* Initialize interrupts */
  MX_NVIC_Init();
	HAL_TIM_Base_Start_IT(&htim2);
	HAL_TIM_Base_Start_IT(&htim3);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEPredivValue = RCC_HSE_PREDIV_DIV1;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL9;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief NVIC Configuration.
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_NVIC_Init(void)
{
  /* TIM2_IRQn interrupt configuration */
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(TIM2_IRQn, 0, 0);
  HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM2_IRQn);
  /* TIM3_IRQn interrupt configuration */
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(TIM3_IRQn, 0, 0);
  HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM3_IRQn);
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */
void HAL_TIM_PeriodElapsedCallback(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim)
{
	static uint32_t time_cnt =0;
	static uint32_t time_cnt3 =0;
	if(htim->Instance == TIM2)
	{
		if(++time_cnt >= 400)
		{
			time_cnt =0;
			HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(GPIOA,GPIO_PIN_1);
		}
	}
	if(htim->Instance == TIM3)
	{
		if(++time_cnt3 >= 1000)
		{
			time_cnt3 =0;
    HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1,hello,20,100000);
		}
			
	}
}

/* USER CODE END 4 */
/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

4.烧录并输出

二、LED呼吸灯

使用TIM3和TIM4，分别输出一个PWM波形，PWM的占空比随时间变化，去驱动你外接的一个LED以及最小开发板上已焊接的LED（固定接在 PC13 GPIO端口），实现2个 LED呼吸灯的效果。

1、PWM介绍

PWM（Pulse Width Modulation）即脉冲宽度调制，简称脉宽调制。它是利用微处理器的数字输出来对模拟电路进行控制的一种非常有效的技术；它是一种模拟控制方式，根据相应载荷的变化来调制晶体管基极或MOS管栅极的偏置，来实现晶体管或MOS管导通时间的改变，从而实现开关稳压电源输出的改变。

基本原理：PWM就是对逆变电路开关器件的通断进行控制，使输出端得到一系列幅值相等的脉冲，用这些脉冲来代替正弦波或所需要的波形。也可以这样理解，PWM是一种对模拟信号电平进行数字编码的方法。通过高分辨率计数器的使用，方波的占空比被调制用来对一个具体模拟信号的电平进行编码。PWM信号仍然是数字的，因为在给定的任何时刻，满幅值的直流供电要么完全有(ON)，要么完全无(OFF)。电压或电流源是以一种通(ON)或断(OFF)的重复脉冲序列被加到模拟负载上去的。只要带宽足够，任何模拟值都可以使用 PWM 进行编码。

优点及应用范围：由于其控制简单、灵活和动态响应好等优点而成为电力电子技术应用最广泛的控制方式，其应用领域包括测量，通信，功率控制与变换，电动机控制、伺服控制、调光、开关电源，甚至某些音频放大器，因此学习PWM具有十分重要的现实意义。

PWM产生：STM32的定时器除了TIM6和7，其他的定时器都可以用来产生PWM输出。其中高级定时器TIM1和TIM8可以同时产生多达 7 路的 PWM 输出。而通用定时器也能同时产生多达 4路的 PWM 输出，这样，STM32 最多可以同时产生 30 路 PWM 输出。脉冲宽度调制模式可以产生一个由TIMx_ARR寄存器确定频率、由TIMx_CCRx寄存器确定占空比的信号。

2、电路连接

LED灯长脚——+极 LED灯短脚——A1 RXD——A9 TXD——A10

3.3V——+极

3、CubeMX创建工程

（1）选择芯片

（2）SYS

（3）RCC

（3）配置TIM2

如图，位置1选中定时器2；位置2选择时钟源为“Internal Clock”，通道2选择“PWM Generation CH2”

（4）NVIC

（5)USATR

（6）时钟配置

（7）生成项目

4.编写代码

定义一个变量，用来存储占空比：初值设为10.

uint16_t duty_num = 10;

开始TIM2的通道2，输出PWM。

HAL_TIM_PWM_Start(&htim2,TIM_CHANNEL_2);

每隔50毫秒，占空比加10，如果超过500（也就是PWM周期），自动变成0. while (1)

{
/* USER CODE END WHILE */
/* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
	HAL_Delay(50);
	duty_num = duty_num + 10;
	if(duty_num > 500)
	{
		duty_num = 0;
	}
	__HAL_TIM_SetCompare(&htim2,TIM_CHANNEL_2,duty_num);
	}

完整main.c

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2022 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "tim.h"
#include "usart.h"
#include "gpio.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */
/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

/* USER CODE END PV */
uint16_t duty_num = 10;
/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_NVIC_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_TIM2_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();

  /* Initialize interrupts */
  MX_NVIC_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
  HAL_TIM_PWM_Start(&htim2,TIM_CHANNEL_2);
  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
		HAL_Delay(50);
		duty_num = duty_num + 10;
		if(duty_num > 500)
		{
			duty_num = 0;
		}
		__HAL_TIM_SetCompare(&htim2,TIM_CHANNEL_2,duty_num);
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEPredivValue = RCC_HSE_PREDIV_DIV1;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL9;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief NVIC Configuration.
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_NVIC_Init(void)
{
  /* TIM2_IRQn interrupt configuration */
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(TIM2_IRQn, 0, 0);
  HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM2_IRQn);
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */