## 使用 TensorFlow 的起始步骤 (First Steps with TensorFlow):工具包

本文介绍TensorFlow的基本组成部分及层次结构,并通过tf.estimator API实现线性回归的示例,展示了如何设置模型、训练并进行预测。

摘要生成于 C知道 ,由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持, 前往体验 >

使用 TensorFlow 的起始步骤 (First Steps with TensorFlow):工具包

下图显示了 TensorFlow 工具包的当前层次结构:

TensorFlow 工具包的层次结构。Estimators 位于顶级。
图 1. TensorFlow 工具包层次结构。

下表总结了不同层的用途:

在这里插入图片描述
TensorFlow 由以下两个组件组成:

这两个组件类似于 Java 编译器和 JVM。正如 JVM 会实施在多个硬件平台(CPU 和 GPU)上一样,TensorFlow 也是如此。

您应该使用哪个 API?您应该使用能够解决问题的最高级抽象层。较高级别的抽象层更易于使用,但(设计方面)不够灵活。我们建议您先从最高级 API 入手,让所有组件正常运作起来。如果您希望在某些特殊建模方面能够更加灵活一些,则可以降低一个级别。请注意,每个级别都是使用低级 API 构建的,因此降低层次结构级别应该比较直观。

tf.estimator API

我们将使用 tf.estimator 来完成机器学习速成课程中的大部分练习。您在练习中所做的一切都可以在较低级别(原始)的 TensorFlow 中完成,但使用 tf.estimator 会大大减少代码行数。

tf.estimator 与 scikit-learn API 兼容。 scikit-learn 是极其热门的 Python 开放源代码机器学习库,拥有超过 10 万名用户,其中包括许多 Google 员工。

概括而言,以下是在 tf.estimator 中实现的线性回归程序的格式:

import tensorflow as tf

# Set up a linear classifier.
classifier = tf.estimator.LinearClassifier()

# Train the model on some example data.
classifier.train(input_fn=train_input_fn, steps=2000)

# Use it to predict.

predictions = classifier.predict(input_fn=predict_input_fn)
关键字词
Estimator

张量

/****************************************************************************** * * Copyright (C) 2010 - 2015 Xilinx, Inc. All rights reserved. * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in * all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL * XILINX BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE * SOFTWARE. * * Except as contained in this notice, the name of the Xilinx shall not be used * in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in * this Software without prior written authorization from Xilinx. * ******************************************************************************/ /*****************************************************************************/ /** * @file xttcps_rtc_example.c * * This example uses one timer/counter to make a real time clock. The number of * minutes and seconds is displayed on the console. * * * @note * * <pre> * MODIFICATION HISTORY: * * Ver Who Date Changes * ---- ------ -------- --------------------------------------------- * 1.00 drg/jz 01/23/10 First release * 3.01 pkp 01/30/16 Modified SetupTimer to remove XTtcps_Stop before TTC * configuration as it is added in xttcps.c in * XTtcPs_CfgInitialize * 3.2 mus 10/28/16 Updated TmrCntrSetup as per prototype of * XTtcPs_CalcIntervalFromFreq * ms 01/23/17 Modified xil_printf statement in main function to * ensure that "Successfully ran" and "Failed" strings * are available in all examples. This is a fix for * CR-965028. *</pre> ******************************************************************************/ /***************************** Include Files *********************************/ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include "xparameters.h" #include "xstatus.h" #include "xil_io.h" #include "xil_exception.h" #include "xttcps.h" #include "xscugic.h" #include "xil_printf.h" /************************** Constant Definitions *****************************/ /* * The following constants map to the XPAR parameters created in the * xparameters.h file. They are only defined here such that a user can easily * change all the needed parameters in one place. */ #define TTC_TICK_DEVICE_ID XPAR_XTTCPS_0_DEVICE_ID #define TTC_TICK_INTR_ID XPAR_XTTCPS_0_INTR #define INTC_DEVICE_ID XPAR_SCUGIC_SINGLE_DEVICE_ID /* * Constants to set the basic operating parameters. * PWM_DELTA_DUTY is critical to the running time of the test. Smaller values * make the test run longer. */ #define TICK_TIMER_FREQ_HZ 100 /* Tick timer counter's output frequency */ #define TICKS_PER_CHANGE_PERIOD TICK_TIMER_FREQ_HZ /* Tick signals per update */ /**************************** Type Definitions *******************************/ typedef struct { u32 OutputHz; /* Output frequency */ XInterval Interval; /* Interval value */ u8 Prescaler; /* NO USED */ u16 Options; /* Option settings */ } TmrCntrSetup; /***************** Macros (Inline Functions) Definitions *********************/ /************************** Function Prototypes ******************************/ static int TmrRtcInterruptExample(void); /* Main test */ /* Set up routines for timer counters */ static int SetupTicker(void); static int SetupTimer(int DeviceID); /* Interleaved interrupt test for both timer counters */ static int WaitForDutyCycleFull(void); static int SetupInterruptSystem(u16 IntcDeviceID, XScuGic *IntcInstancePtr); static void TickHandler(void *CallBackRef); /************************** Variable Definitions *****************************/ static XTtcPs TtcPsInst; /* Timer counter instance */ static TmrCntrSetup SettingsTable= {TICK_TIMER_FREQ_HZ, 0, 0, 0}; /* Ticker timer counter initial setup, only output freq */ XScuGic InterruptController; /* Interrupt controller instance */ static u8 ErrorCount; /* Errors seen at interrupt time */ static volatile u8 UpdateFlag; /* Flag to update the seconds counter */ static u32 TickCount; /* Ticker interrupts between seconds change */ /*****************************************************************************/ /** * * This is the main function that calls the TTC RTC interrupt example. * * @param None * * @return * - XST_SUCCESS to indicate Success * - XST_FAILURE to indicate a Failure. * * @note None. * *****************************************************************************/ int main(void) { int Status; xil_printf("Starting Timer RTC Example"); Status = TmrRtcInterruptExample(); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { xil_printf("ttcps rtc Example Failed\r\n"); return XST_FAILURE; } xil_printf("Successfully ran ttcps rtc Example\r\n"); return XST_SUCCESS; } /*****************************************************************************/ /** * * This is the main function of the interrupt example. * * * @param None. * * @return XST_SUCCESS to indicate success, else XST_FAILURE to indicate * a Failure. * ****************************************************************************/ static int TmrRtcInterruptExample(void) { int Status; /* * Make sure the interrupts are disabled, in case this is being run * again after a failure. */ /* * Connect the Intc to the interrupt subsystem such that interrupts can * occur. This function is application specific. */ Status = SetupInterruptSystem(INTC_DEVICE_ID, &InterruptController); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * Set up the Ticker timer */ Status = SetupTicker(); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return Status; } Status = WaitForDutyCycleFull(); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return Status; } /* * Stop the counters */ XTtcPs_Stop(&TtcPsInst); return XST_SUCCESS; } /****************************************************************************/ /** * * This function sets up the Ticker timer. * * @param None * * @return XST_SUCCESS if everything sets up well, XST_FAILURE otherwise. * *****************************************************************************/ int SetupTicker(void) { int Status; TmrCntrSetup *TimerSetup; XTtcPs *TtcPsTick; TimerSetup = &SettingsTable; /* * Set up appropriate options for Ticker: interval mode without * waveform output. */ TimerSetup->Options |= (XTTCPS_OPTION_INTERVAL_MODE); /* * Calling the timer setup routine * . initialize device * . set options */ Status = SetupTimer(TTC_TICK_DEVICE_ID); if(Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return Status; } TtcPsTick = &TtcPsInst; /* * Connect to the interrupt controller */ Status = XScuGic_Connect(&InterruptController, TTC_TICK_INTR_ID, (Xil_InterruptHandler)TickHandler, (void *)TtcPsTick); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * Enable the interrupt for the Timer counter */ XScuGic_Enable(&InterruptController, TTC_TICK_INTR_ID); /* * Enable the interrupts for the tick timer/counter * We only care about the interval timeout. */ XTtcPs_EnableInterrupts(TtcPsTick, XTTCPS_IXR_INT_ENABLE); /* * Start the tick timer/counter */ XTtcPs_Start(TtcPsTick); return Status; } /****************************************************************************/ /** * * This function uses the interrupt inter-locking between the ticker timer * counter and the waveform output timer counter. When certain amount of * interrupts have happened to the ticker timer counter, a flag, UpdateFlag, * is set to true. * * * @param None * * @return XST_SUCCESS if duty cycle successfully reaches beyond 100, * otherwise XST_FAILURE. * *****************************************************************************/ int WaitForDutyCycleFull(void) { u32 seconds; /* * Initialize some variables used by the interrupts and in loops. */ ErrorCount = 0; seconds = 0; /* * Loop until two minutes passes. */ while (seconds <= 121) { /* * If error occurs, disable interrupts, and exit. */ if (0 != ErrorCount) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * The Ticker interrupt sets a flag for update. */ if (UpdateFlag) { /* * Calculate the time setting here, not at the time * critical interrupt level. */ seconds++; UpdateFlag = FALSE; xil_printf("Time: %d\n\r", seconds); } } return XST_SUCCESS; } /****************************************************************************/ /** * * This function sets up a timer counter device, using the information in its * setup structure. * . initialize device * . set options * . set interval and prescaler value for given output frequency. * * @param DeviceID is the unique ID for the device. * * @return XST_SUCCESS if successful, otherwise XST_FAILURE. * *****************************************************************************/ int SetupTimer(int DeviceID) { int Status; XTtcPs_Config *Config; XTtcPs *Timer; TmrCntrSetup *TimerSetup; TimerSetup = &SettingsTable; Timer = &TtcPsInst; /* * Look up the configuration based on the device identifier */ Config = XTtcPs_LookupConfig(DeviceID); if (NULL == Config) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * Initialize the device */ Status = XTtcPs_CfgInitialize(Timer, Config, Config->BaseAddress); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * Set the options */ XTtcPs_SetOptions(Timer, TimerSetup->Options); /* * Timer frequency is preset in the TimerSetup structure, * however, the value is not reflected in its other fields, such as * IntervalValue and PrescalerValue. The following call will map the * frequency to the interval and prescaler values. */ XTtcPs_CalcIntervalFromFreq(Timer, TimerSetup->OutputHz, &(TimerSetup->Interval), &(TimerSetup->Prescaler)); /* * Set the interval and prescale */ XTtcPs_SetInterval(Timer, TimerSetup->Interval); return XST_SUCCESS; } /****************************************************************************/ /** * * This function setups the interrupt system such that interrupts can occur. * This function is application specific since the actual system may or may not * have an interrupt controller. The TTC could be directly connected to a * processor without an interrupt controller. The user should modify this * function to fit the application. * * @param IntcDeviceID is the unique ID of the interrupt controller * @param IntcInstacePtr is a pointer to the interrupt controller * instance. * * @return XST_SUCCESS if successful, otherwise XST_FAILURE. * *****************************************************************************/ static int SetupInterruptSystem(u16 IntcDeviceID, XScuGic *IntcInstancePtr) { int Status; XScuGic_Config *IntcConfig; /* The configuration parameters of the interrupt controller */ /* * Initialize the interrupt controller driver */ IntcConfig = XScuGic_LookupConfig(IntcDeviceID); if (NULL == IntcConfig) { return XST_FAILURE; } Status = XScuGic_CfgInitialize(IntcInstancePtr, IntcConfig, IntcConfig->CpuBaseAddress); if (Status != XST_SUCCESS) { return XST_FAILURE; } /* * Connect the interrupt controller interrupt handler to the hardware * interrupt handling logic in the ARM processor. */ Xil_ExceptionRegisterHandler(XIL_EXCEPTION_ID_IRQ_INT, (Xil_ExceptionHandler) XScuGic_InterruptHandler, IntcInstancePtr); /* * Enable interrupts in the ARM */ Xil_ExceptionEnable(); return XST_SUCCESS; } /***************************************************************************/ /** * * This function is the handler which handles the periodic tick interrupt. * It updates its count, and set a flag to signal PWM timer counter to * update its duty cycle. * * This handler provides an example of how to handle data for the TTC and * is application specific. * * @param CallBackRef contains a callback reference from the driver, in * this case it is the instance pointer for the TTC driver. * * @return None. * *****************************************************************************/ static void TickHandler(void *CallBackRef) { u32 StatusEvent; /* * Read the interrupt status, then write it back to clear the interrupt. */ StatusEvent = XTtcPs_GetInterruptStatus((XTtcPs *)CallBackRef); XTtcPs_ClearInterruptStatus((XTtcPs *)CallBackRef, StatusEvent); if (0 != (XTTCPS_IXR_INT_ENABLE & StatusEvent)) { TickCount++; if (TICKS_PER_CHANGE_PERIOD == TickCount) { TickCount = 0; UpdateFlag = TRUE; } } else { /* * The Interval event should be the only one enabled. If it is * not it is an error */ ErrorCount++; } } 请详细分析一下以上的代码,并给出详细的解释
最新发布
05-20
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值