图像分割(Image Segmentation)
作者:王先荣
前言
图像分割指的是将数字图像细分为多个图像子区域的过程,在OpenCv中实现了三种跟图像分割相关的算法,它们分别是:分水岭分割算法、金字塔分割算法以及均值漂移分割算法。它们的使用过程都很简单,下面的文章权且用于记录,并使该系列保持完整吧。
分水岭分割算法
分水岭分割算法需要您或者先前算法提供标记,该标记用于指定哪些大致区域是目标,哪些大致区域是背景等等;分水岭分割算法的分割效果严重依赖于提供的标记。OpenCv中的函数cvWatershed实现了该算法,函数定义如下:
void cvWatershed( const CvArr * image, CvArr * markers)
其中:image为8为三通道的彩色图像;
markers是单通道整型图像,它用不同的正整数来标记不同的区域,下面的代码演示了如果响应鼠标事件,并生成标记图像。

// 当鼠标按下并在源图像上移动时,在源图像上绘制分割线条
private void pbSource_MouseMove( object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
// 如果按下了左键
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
if (previousMouseLocation.X >= 0 && previousMouseLocation.Y >= 0 )
{
Point p1 = new Point(( int )(previousMouseLocation.X * xScale), ( int )(previousMouseLocation.Y * yScale));
Point p2 = new Point(( int )(e.Location.X * xScale), ( int )(e.Location.Y * yScale));
LineSegment2D ls = new LineSegment2D(p1, p2);
int thickness = ( int )(LineWidth * xScale);
imageSourceClone.Draw(ls, new Bgr(255d, 255d, 255d), thickness);
pbSource.Image = imageSourceClone.Bitmap;
imageMarkers.Draw(ls, new Gray(drawCount), thickness);
}
previousMouseLocation = e.Location;
}
}
// 当松开鼠标左键时,将绘图的前一位置设置为(-1,-1)
private void pbSource_MouseUp( object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
previousMouseLocation = new Point( - 1 , - 1 );
drawCount ++ ;
}
您可以用类似下面的方式来使用分水岭算法:

/// <summary>
/// 分水岭算法图像分割
/// </summary>
/// <returns> 返回用时 </returns>
private string Watershed()
{
// 分水岭算法分割
Image < Gray, Int32 > imageMarkers2 = imageMarkers.Copy();
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
CvInvoke.cvWatershed(imageSource.Ptr, imageMarkers2.Ptr);
sw.Stop();
// 将分割的结果转换到256级灰度图像
pbResult.Image = imageMarkers2.Bitmap;
imageMarkers2.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 分水岭图像分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
金字塔分割算法
金字塔分割算法由cvPrySegmentation所实现,该函数的使用很简单;需要注意的是图像的尺寸以及金字塔的层数,图像的宽度和高度必须能被2整除,能够被2整除的次数决定了金字塔的最大层数。下面的代码演示了如果校验金字塔层数:

/// <summary>
/// 当改变金字塔分割的参数“金字塔层数”时,对参数进行校验
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
private void txtPSLevel_TextChanged( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int level = int .Parse(txtPSLevel.Text);
if (level < 1 || imageSource.Width % ( int )(Math.Pow( 2 , level - 1 )) != 0 || imageSource.Height % ( int )(Math.Pow( 2 , level - 1 )) != 0 )
MessageBox.Show( this , " 注意:您输入的金字塔层数不符合要求,计算结果可能会无效。 " , " 金字塔层数错误 " );
}
使用金字塔分割的示例代码如下:

/// <summary>
/// 金字塔分割算法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private string PrySegmentation()
{
// 准备参数
Image < Bgr, Byte > imageDest = new Image < Bgr, byte > (imageSource.Size);
MemStorage storage = new MemStorage();
IntPtr ptrComp = IntPtr.Zero;
int level = int .Parse(txtPSLevel.Text);
double threshold1 = double .Parse(txtPSThreshold1.Text);
double threshold2 = double .Parse(txtPSThreshold2.Text);
// 金字塔分割
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
CvInvoke.cvPyrSegmentation(imageSource.Ptr, imageDest.Ptr, storage.Ptr, out ptrComp, level, threshold1, threshold2);
sw.Stop();
// 显示结果
pbResult.Image = imageDest.Bitmap;
// 释放资源
imageDest.Dispose();
storage.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 金字塔分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
均值漂移分割算法
均值漂移分割算法由cvPryMeanShiftFiltering所实现,均值漂移分割的金字塔层数只能介于[1,7]之间,您可以用类似下面的代码来使用它:

/// <summary>
/// 均值漂移分割算法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private string PryMeanShiftFiltering()
{
// 准备参数
Image < Bgr, Byte > imageDest = new Image < Bgr, byte > (imageSource.Size);
double spatialRadius = double .Parse(txtPMSFSpatialRadius.Text);
double colorRadius = double .Parse(txtPMSFColorRadius.Text);
int maxLevel = int .Parse(txtPMSFNaxLevel.Text);
int maxIter = int .Parse(txtPMSFMaxIter.Text);
double epsilon = double .Parse(txtPMSFEpsilon.Text);
MCvTermCriteria termcrit = new MCvTermCriteria(maxIter, epsilon);
// 均值漂移分割
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
OpenCvInvoke.cvPyrMeanShiftFiltering(imageSource.Ptr, imageDest.Ptr, spatialRadius, colorRadius, maxLevel, termcrit);
sw.Stop();
// 显示结果
pbResult.Image = imageDest.Bitmap;
// 释放资源
imageDest.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 均值漂移分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
函数cvPryMeanShiftFiltering在EmguCv中没有实现,我们可以用下面的方式来使用:

// 均值漂移分割
[DllImport( " cv200.dll " )]
public static extern void cvPyrMeanShiftFiltering(IntPtr src, IntPtr dst, double spatialRadius, double colorRadius, int max_level, MCvTermCriteria termcrit);
分割效果及性能对比
上述三种分割算法的效果如何呢?下面我们以它们的默认参数,对一幅2272x1704大小的图像进行分割。得到的结果如下所示:
图1 分水岭分割算法(左图白色的线条用于标记区域)
图2 金字塔分割算法
图3 均值漂移分割算法
从上面我们可以看出:
(1)分水岭分割算法的分割效果效果最好,均值漂移分割算法次之,而金字塔分割算法的效果最差;
(2)均值漂移分割算法效率最高,分水岭分割算法接近于均值漂移算法,金字塔分割算法需要很长的时间。
值得注意的是分水岭算法对标记很敏感,需要仔细而认真的绘制。
本文的完整代码如下:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Emgu.CV;
using Emgu.CV.CvEnum;
using Emgu.CV.Structure;
using Emgu.CV.UI;
namespace ImageProcessLearn
{
public partial class FormImageSegment : Form
{
// 成员变量
private string sourceImageFileName = " wky_tms_2272x1704.jpg " ; // 源图像文件名
private Image < Bgr, Byte > imageSource = null ; // 源图像
private Image < Bgr, Byte > imageSourceClone = null ; // 源图像的克隆
private Image < Gray, Int32 > imageMarkers = null ; // 标记图像
private double xScale = 1d; // 原始图像与PictureBox在x轴方向上的缩放
private double yScale = 1d; // 原始图像与PictureBox在y轴方向上的缩放
private Point previousMouseLocation = new Point( - 1 , - 1 ); // 上次绘制线条时,鼠标所处的位置
private const int LineWidth = 5 ; // 绘制线条的宽度
private int drawCount = 1 ; // 用户绘制的线条数目,用于指定线条的颜色
public FormImageSegment()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
// 窗体加载时
private void FormImageSegment_Load( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// 设置提示
toolTip.SetToolTip(rbWatershed, " 可以在源图像上用鼠标绘制大致分割区域线条,该线条用于分水岭算法 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(txtPSLevel, " 金字塔层数跟图像尺寸有关,该值只能是图像尺寸被2整除的次数,否则将得出错误结果 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(txtPSThreshold1, " 建立连接的错误阀值 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(txtPSThreshold2, " 分割簇的错误阀值 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(txtPMSFSpatialRadius, " 空间窗的半径 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(txtPMSFColorRadius, " 色彩窗的半径 " );
toolTip.SetToolTip(btnClearMarkers, " 清除绘制在源图像上,用于分水岭算法的大致分割区域线条 " );
// 加载图像
LoadImage();
}
// 当窗体关闭时,释放资源
private void FormImageSegment_FormClosing( object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
{
if (imageSource != null )
imageSource.Dispose();
if (imageSourceClone != null )
imageSourceClone.Dispose();
if (imageMarkers != null )
imageMarkers.Dispose();
}
// 加载源图像
private void btnLoadImage_Click( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
OpenFileDialog ofd = new OpenFileDialog();
ofd.CheckFileExists = true ;
ofd.DefaultExt = " jpg " ;
ofd.Filter = " 图片文件|*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp|所有文件|*.* " ;
if (ofd.ShowDialog( this ) == DialogResult.OK)
{
if (ofd.FileName != "" )
{
sourceImageFileName = ofd.FileName;
LoadImage();
}
}
ofd.Dispose();
}
// 清除分割线条
private void btnClearMarkers_Click( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (imageSourceClone != null )
imageSourceClone.Dispose();
imageSourceClone = imageSource.Copy();
pbSource.Image = imageSourceClone.Bitmap;
imageMarkers.SetZero();
drawCount = 1 ;
}
// 当鼠标按下并在源图像上移动时,在源图像上绘制分割线条
private void pbSource_MouseMove( object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
// 如果按下了左键
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
if (previousMouseLocation.X >= 0 && previousMouseLocation.Y >= 0 )
{
Point p1 = new Point(( int )(previousMouseLocation.X * xScale), ( int )(previousMouseLocation.Y * yScale));
Point p2 = new Point(( int )(e.Location.X * xScale), ( int )(e.Location.Y * yScale));
LineSegment2D ls = new LineSegment2D(p1, p2);
int thickness = ( int )(LineWidth * xScale);
imageSourceClone.Draw(ls, new Bgr(255d, 255d, 255d), thickness);
pbSource.Image = imageSourceClone.Bitmap;
imageMarkers.Draw(ls, new Gray(drawCount), thickness);
}
previousMouseLocation = e.Location;
}
}
// 当松开鼠标左键时,将绘图的前一位置设置为(-1,-1)
private void pbSource_MouseUp( object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
previousMouseLocation = new Point( - 1 , - 1 );
drawCount ++ ;
}
// 加载源图像
private void LoadImage()
{
if (imageSource != null )
imageSource.Dispose();
imageSource = new Image < Bgr, byte > (sourceImageFileName);
if (imageSourceClone != null )
imageSourceClone.Dispose();
imageSourceClone = imageSource.Copy();
pbSource.Image = imageSourceClone.Bitmap;
if (imageMarkers != null )
imageMarkers.Dispose();
imageMarkers = new Image < Gray, Int32 > (imageSource.Size);
imageMarkers.SetZero();
xScale = 1d * imageSource.Width / pbSource.Width;
yScale = 1d * imageSource.Height / pbSource.Height;
drawCount = 1 ;
}
// 分割图像
private void btnImageSegment_Click( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (rbWatershed.Checked)
txtResult.Text += Watershed();
else if (rbPrySegmentation.Checked)
txtResult.Text += PrySegmentation();
else if (rbPryMeanShiftFiltering.Checked)
txtResult.Text += PryMeanShiftFiltering();
}
/// <summary>
/// 分水岭算法图像分割
/// </summary>
/// <returns> 返回用时 </returns>
private string Watershed()
{
// 分水岭算法分割
Image < Gray, Int32 > imageMarkers2 = imageMarkers.Copy();
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
CvInvoke.cvWatershed(imageSource.Ptr, imageMarkers2.Ptr);
sw.Stop();
// 将分割的结果转换到256级灰度图像
pbResult.Image = imageMarkers2.Bitmap;
imageMarkers2.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 分水岭图像分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// 金字塔分割算法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private string PrySegmentation()
{
// 准备参数
Image < Bgr, Byte > imageDest = new Image < Bgr, byte > (imageSource.Size);
MemStorage storage = new MemStorage();
IntPtr ptrComp = IntPtr.Zero;
int level = int .Parse(txtPSLevel.Text);
double threshold1 = double .Parse(txtPSThreshold1.Text);
double threshold2 = double .Parse(txtPSThreshold2.Text);
// 金字塔分割
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
CvInvoke.cvPyrSegmentation(imageSource.Ptr, imageDest.Ptr, storage.Ptr, out ptrComp, level, threshold1, threshold2);
sw.Stop();
// 显示结果
pbResult.Image = imageDest.Bitmap;
// 释放资源
imageDest.Dispose();
storage.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 金字塔分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// 均值漂移分割算法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private string PryMeanShiftFiltering()
{
// 准备参数
Image < Bgr, Byte > imageDest = new Image < Bgr, byte > (imageSource.Size);
double spatialRadius = double .Parse(txtPMSFSpatialRadius.Text);
double colorRadius = double .Parse(txtPMSFColorRadius.Text);
int maxLevel = int .Parse(txtPMSFNaxLevel.Text);
int maxIter = int .Parse(txtPMSFMaxIter.Text);
double epsilon = double .Parse(txtPMSFEpsilon.Text);
MCvTermCriteria termcrit = new MCvTermCriteria(maxIter, epsilon);
// 均值漂移分割
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
OpenCvInvoke.cvPyrMeanShiftFiltering(imageSource.Ptr, imageDest.Ptr, spatialRadius, colorRadius, maxLevel, termcrit);
sw.Stop();
// 显示结果
pbResult.Image = imageDest.Bitmap;
// 释放资源
imageDest.Dispose();
return string .Format( " 均值漂移分割,用时:{0:F05}毫秒。\r\n " , sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// 当改变金字塔分割的参数“金字塔层数”时,对参数进行校验
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
private void txtPSLevel_TextChanged( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int level = int .Parse(txtPSLevel.Text);
if (level < 1 || imageSource.Width % ( int )(Math.Pow( 2 , level - 1 )) != 0 || imageSource.Height % ( int )(Math.Pow( 2 , level - 1 )) != 0 )
MessageBox.Show( this , " 注意:您输入的金字塔层数不符合要求,计算结果可能会无效。 " , " 金字塔层数错误 " );
}
/// <summary>
/// 当改变均值漂移分割的参数“金字塔层数”时,对参数进行校验
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
private void txtPMSFNaxLevel_TextChanged( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int maxLevel = int .Parse(txtPMSFNaxLevel.Text);
if (maxLevel < 0 || maxLevel > 8 )
MessageBox.Show( this , " 注意:均值漂移分割的金字塔层数只能在0至8之间。 " , " 金字塔层数错误 " );
}
}
}