tkp2014的专栏

约翰·纳什1948年作为年轻数学博士生进入普林斯顿大学。其研究成果见于题为《非合作博弈》（1950）的博士论文。该博士论文导致了《n人博弈中的均衡点》（1950）和题为《非合作博弈》（1951）两篇论文的发表。纳什在上述论文中，介绍了合作博弈与非合作博弈的区别。他对非合作博弈的最重要贡献是阐明了包含任意人数局中人和任意偏好的一种通用解概念，也就是不限于两人零和博弈。该解概念后来被称为纳什均衡。

The placebo effect is the measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health or behavior not attributable to a medication or invasive treatment that has been administered. The placebo effect is n

Escalation of commitmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaEscalation of commitment refers to a pattern of behavior in which an individual or group will continue to rationalize their d

Hyperbolic discountingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations

Reactance is a motivational reaction to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specificbehavioral freedoms. Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something

History[edit]Herd mentality and herd behavior have been prevalent descriptors for human behavior since people began to form tribes, migrate in groups, and perform cooperative marketing and agr

For other uses, see Halo effect (disambiguation).Halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's fee

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A

Reactivity Reactivity is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed.[1] The change may be positive or negat

Description of Gambler's FallacyThe Gambler's Fallacy is committed when a person assumes that a departure from what occurs on average or in the long term will be corrected in the short term. The f

摘要：本文从概率统计的在其历史发展过程中对哲学产生的影响开始，分析了近代关于概率统计哲学意义争论的起源、发展和现状，提出这种争论存在的原因在于将概率统计这一方法论问题未加整理地应用于认识论之中，从而掩盖了概率统计的真实哲学意义，进而据此提出概率统计哲学意义的个人观点，并进一步探讨了马克思主义中的概率统计思想。 关键词：概率统计；认识论；决定论；马克思主义“你信仰掷骰子的上帝，我却信