安装 minikube
# curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-linux-amd64
# sudo install minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
# minikube
minikube provisions and manages local Kubernetes clusters optimized for development workflows.
Basic Commands:
start Starts a local Kubernetes cluster
status Gets the status of a local Kubernetes cluster
stop Stops a running local Kubernetes cluster
delete Deletes a local Kubernetes cluster
dashboard Access the Kubernetes dashboard running within the minikube cluster
pause pause Kubernetes
unpause unpause Kubernetes
Images Commands:
docker-env Provides instructions to point your terminal's docker-cli to the Docker Engine inside minikube.
(Useful for building docker images directly inside minikube)
podman-env Configure environment to use minikube's Podman service
cache Manage cache for images
image Manage images
Configuration and Management Commands:
addons Enable or disable a minikube addon
config Modify persistent configuration values
profile Get or list the current profiles (clusters)
update-context Update kubeconfig in case of an IP or port change
Networking and Connectivity Commands:
service Returns a URL to connect to a service
tunnel Connect to LoadBalancer services
Advanced Commands:
mount Mounts the specified directory into minikube
ssh Log into the minikube environment (for debugging)
kubectl Run a kubectl binary matching the cluster version
node Add, remove, or list additional nodes
cp Copy the specified file into minikube
Troubleshooting Commands:
ssh-key Retrieve the ssh identity key path of the specified node
ssh-host Retrieve the ssh host key of the specified node
ip Retrieves the IP address of the specified node
logs Returns logs to debug a local Kubernetes cluster
update-check Print current and latest version number
version Print the version of minikube
options Show a list of global command-line options (applies to all commands).
Other Commands:
completion Generate command completion for a shell
license Outputs the licenses of dependencies to a directory
Use "minikube <command> --help" for more information about a given command.
安装 kubernetes on minikube
坑1：本来是打算尝试kubeflow，但kubernetes 版本还要考虑 kubeflow 版本匹配，不能随便装，比如k3s 1.23.官网没推荐：
# docker pull kicbase/stable:v0.0.47
# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
kicbase/stable v0.0.47 795ea6a69ce6 5 weeks ago 1.31GB
# minikube start --base-image=kicbase/stable:v0.0.47 --kubernetes-version=v1.23.0 --image-mirror-country='cn' --driver=docker --force
😄 minikube v1.36.0 on Openeuler 20.03
❗ minikube skips various validations when --force is supplied; this may lead to unexpected behavior
✨ Using the docker driver based on user configuration
🛑 The "docker" driver should not be used with root privileges. If you wish to continue as root, use --force.
💡 If you are running minikube within a VM, consider using --driver=none:
📘 https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/reference/drivers/none/
✅ Using image repository registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
📌 Using Docker driver with root privileges
👍 Starting "minikube" primary control-plane node in "minikube" cluster
🚜 Pulling base image v0.0.47 ...
🔥 Creating docker container (CPUs=2, Memory=7900MB) ...
🐳 Preparing Kubernetes v1.23.0 on Docker 28.1.1 ...
▪ Generating certificates and keys ...
▪ Booting up control plane ...
▪ Configuring RBAC rules ...
🔎 Verifying Kubernetes components...
▪ Using image registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/storage-provisioner:v5
🌟 Enabled addons: default-storageclass, storage-provisioner
💡 kubectl not found. If you need it, try: 'minikube kubectl -- get pods -A'
🏄 Done! kubectl is now configured to use "minikube" cluster and "default" namespace by default
# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
1a06ba1fabad kicbase/stable:v0.0.47 "/usr/local/bin/entr…" 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes 127.0.0.1:32782->22/tcp, 127.0.0.1:32781->2376/tcp, 127.0.0.1:32780->5000/tcp, 127.0.0.1:32779->8443/tcp, 127.0.0.1:32778->32443/tcp minikube
# alias kubectl='minikube kubectl -- '
# kubectl get all
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 9m24s
# kubectl get po -A
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-65c54cc984-m5mqj 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-apiserver-minikube 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-proxy-kdm4h 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system kube-scheduler-minikube 1/1 Running 0 10m
kube-system storage-provisioner 1/1 Running 1 (9m39s ago) 10m
minikube dashboard 打开失败
原因：拉镜像失败，把镜像源头改成：registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/...`
# minikube dashboard
🔌 Enabling dashboard ...
▪ Using image docker.io/kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.7.0
▪ Using image docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8
💡 Some dashboard features require the metrics-server addon. To enable all features please run:
minikube addons enable metrics-server
🤔 Verifying dashboard health ...
🚀 Launching proxy ...
🤔 Verifying proxy health ...
❌ Exiting due to SVC_URL_TIMEOUT: http://127.0.0.1:41369/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/http:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/ is not accessible: Temporary Error: unexpected response code: 503
# minikube addons enable metrics-server
💡 metrics-server is an addon maintained by Kubernetes. For any concerns contact minikube on GitHub.
You can view the list of minikube maintainers at: https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/blob/master/OWNERS
▪ Using image registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/metrics-server:v0.7.2
🌟 The 'metrics-server' addon is enabled
查看pods状态，发现都是image下载的问题
# kubectl get pods -A
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-65c54cc984-m5mqj 1/1 Running 0 138m
kube-system etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 0 139m
kube-system kube-apiserver-minikube 1/1 Running 0 139m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 0 139m
kube-system kube-proxy-kdm4h 1/1 Running 0 138m
kube-system kube-scheduler-minikube 1/1 Running 0 139m
kube-system metrics-server-97757d947-687sv 0/1 ErrImagePull 0 6m24s
kube-system storage-provisioner 1/1 Running 1 (138m ago) 138m
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848-jdz9r 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 24m
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6f4c897964-cknwz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 24m
# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848-jdz9r 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 21m
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6f4c897964-cknwz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 21m
describe 详细信息，从events发现错误详情
# kubectl describe pod dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848-jdz9r -n kubernetes-dashboard
Name: dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848-jdz9r
Namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
Priority: 0
Node: minikube/192.168.49.2
Start Time: Wed, 02 Jul 2025 13:18:26 +0800
Labels: k8s-app=dashboard-metrics-scraper
pod-template-hash=7db978b848
Annotations: seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: runtime/default
Status: Pending
IP: 172.17.0.4
IPs:
IP: 172.17.0.4
Controlled By: ReplicaSet/dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848
Containers:
dashboard-metrics-scraper:
Container ID:
Image: docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8@sha256:76049887f07a0476dc93efc2d3569b9529bf982b22d29f356092ce206e98765c
Image ID:
Port: 8000/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
State: Waiting
Reason: ImagePullBackOff
Ready: False
Restart Count: 0
Liveness: http-get http://:8000/ delay=30s timeout=30s period=10s #success=1 #failure=3
Environment: <none>
Mounts:
/tmp from tmp-volume (rw)
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-n28kh (ro)
Conditions:
Type Status
Initialized True
Ready False
ContainersReady False
PodScheduled True
Volumes:
tmp-volume:
Type: EmptyDir (a temporary directory that shares a pod''s lifetime)
Medium:
SizeLimit: <unset>
kube-api-access-n28kh:
Type: Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)
TokenExpirationSeconds: 3607
ConfigMapName: kube-root-ca.crt
ConfigMapOptional: <nil>
DownwardAPI: true
QoS Class: BestEffort
Node-Selectors: kubernetes.io/os=linux
Tolerations: node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule
node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 25m default-scheduler Successfully assigned kubernetes-dashboard/dashboard-metrics-scraper-7db978b848-jdz9r to minikube
Warning Failed 23m (x2 over 24m) kubelet Failed to pull image "docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8@sha256:76049887f07a0476dc93efc2d3569b9529bf982b22d29f356092ce206e98765c": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = Error response from daemon: Get "https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/": net/http: request canceled while waiting for connection (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
Normal Pulling 23m (x4 over 25m) kubelet Pulling image "docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8@sha256:76049887f07a0476dc93efc2d3569b9529bf982b22d29f356092ce206e98765c"
Warning Failed 22m (x4 over 24m) kubelet Error: ErrImagePull
Warning Failed 22m (x2 over 24m) kubelet Failed to pull image "docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8@sha256:76049887f07a0476dc93efc2d3569b9529bf982b22d29f356092ce206e98765c": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = Error response from daemon: Get "https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/": context deadline exceeded
Warning Failed 22m (x6 over 24m) kubelet Error: ImagePullBackOff
Normal BackOff 13s (x95 over 24m) kubelet Back-off pulling image "docker.io/kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8@sha256:76049887f07a0476dc93efc2d3569b9529bf982b22d29f356092ce206e98765c"
修改deployment中的镜像仓库，选择国内镜像源
# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard edit deployment dashboard-metrics-scraper
spec:
containers:
- image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7fc7cd8b6-gd7kd 1/1 Running 0 114s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6f4c897964-cknwz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 38m
# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard edit deployment kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
containers:
- args:
- --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
- --enable-skip-login
- --disable-settings-authorizer
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/dashboard:v2.7.0
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent:
# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7fc7cd8b6-gd7kd 1/1 Running 0 5m10s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6cfc6d649d-c59gx 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 35s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6f4c897964-cknwz 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 42m
# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7fc7cd8b6-gd7kd 1/1 Running 0 5m12s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6cfc6d649d-c59gx 1/1 Running 0 37s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6f4c897964-cknwz 0/1 Terminating 0 42m
# kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
kubernetes-dashboard dashboard-metrics-scraper-7fc7cd8b6-gd7kd 1/1 Running 0 5m14s
kubernetes-dashboard kubernetes-dashboard-6cfc6d649d-c59gx 1/1 Running 0 39s
minikube dashboard 开放外部访问
minikube实际上是docker容器，所以即使k8s服务开启了nodeport，也只是开放了minikube容器的端口，宿主机外部是无法访问的。
为了让宿主机外可以访问minikube上的k8s服务，一种方式是在宿主机上使用kubectl proxy开辟临时隧道，比较简单粗暴；另一种在docker网络中，用nginx搭建一个宿主机端口->nginx端口->minikube nodeport的转发链路，如下图：
# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
dashboard-metrics-scraper ClusterIP 10.98.239.69 <none> 8000/TCP 49m
kubernetes-dashboard ClusterIP 10.98.139.28 <none> 80/TCP 49m
# curl localhost:80
curl: (7) Failed to connect to localhost port 8080: Connection refused
# minikube ssh
docker@minikube:~$ curl http://10.98.139.28:80/
<!--
Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
--><!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Kubernetes Dashboard</title>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/kubernetes-logo.png">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<style>html,body{height:100%;margin:0}*::-webkit-scrollbar{background:transparent;height:8px;width:8px}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.243e6d874431c8e8.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.243e6d874431c8e8.css"></noscript></head>
<body>
<kd-root></kd-root>
<script src="runtime.134ad7745384bed8.js" type="module"></script><script src="polyfills.5c84b93f78682d4f.js" type="module"></script><script src="scripts.2c4f58d7c579cacb.js" defer></script><script src="en.main.3550e3edca7d0ed8.js" type="module"></script>
</body></html>
# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard port-forward svc/kubernetes-dashboard 8080:80
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 9090
Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 9090
^C中断
# kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard port-forward --address 0.0.0.0 svc/kubernetes-dashboard 8080:80
Forwarding from 0.0.0.0:8080 -> 9090
^C中断
# curl localhost:8080/
<!--
Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
--><!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Kubernetes Dashboard</title>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/kubernetes-logo.png">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<style>html,body{height:100%;margin:0}*::-webkit-scrollbar{background:transparent;height:8px;width:8px}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.243e6d874431c8e8.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.243e6d874431c8e8.css"></noscript></head>
<body>
<kd-root></kd-root>
<script src="runtime.134ad7745384bed8.js" type="module"></script><script src="polyfills.5c84b93f78682d4f.js" type="module"></script><script src="scripts.2c4f58d7c579cacb.js" defer></script><script src="en.main.3550e3edca7d0ed8.js" type="module"></script>
</body></html>
docker安装kuboard
鉴于dashboard不好用，直接上kuboard。
kuboard可以部署在k8s集群外，只要网络联通就行，用来管理minikube非常合适，因为只需要把kuboard和minikube容器放在同一个docker网络即可！
kuboard:
image: eipwork/kuboard:v3
container_name: kuboard
restart: always
volumes:
- /data/docker_data/kuboard:/data
ports:
- "30080:80"
- "10081:10081"
environment:
- KUBOARD_AGENT_SERVER_TCP_PORT=10081
- KUBOARD_ROOT_USER=admin
- KUBOARD_SERVER_HTTP_PORT=80
- KUBOARD_SERVER_HTTPS_ENABLE=false
networks:
- mynet
- minikube
坑：开放端口10080被浏览器拦截(ERR_UNSAFE_PORT)，改用30080
改端口30080后成功登录，然后导入集群：由于在docker-compose中已将kuboard加入minikube网络，直接使用主机名即可访问apiserver：https://minikube:8443
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