工程师 - FSF和FOSS

FSF

Front Page — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software (fsf.org)

FSF 是自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）的缩写，是一个推广和支持自由软件的组织。自由软件基金会于 1985 年由理查德-斯托尔曼（Richard Stallman）创立，倡导用户使用、研究、修改和发布软件的权利。该基金会的主要工作是鼓励开发和采用自由软件，它将自由软件定义为尊重用户自由和隐私的软件。

The FSF stands for the Free Software Foundation, an organization that promotes and supports free software. Founded in 1985 by Richard Stallman, the FSF advocates for users' rights to use, study, modify, and distribute software. The foundation’s key focus is to encourage the development and adoption of free software, which it defines as software that respects the freedom and privacy of its users.

自由软件基金会与 GNU 项目关系密切，GNU 项目是由 Stallman 发起的另一个旨在创建完全自由操作系统的倡议，该倡议促成了 GNU/Linux 的发展。该组织还致力于解决数字版权、软件许可（尤其是 GNU 通用公共许可证，简称 GPL）等问题，并努力打击限制用户自由的专有软件。

The FSF is closely associated with the GNU Project, another initiative started by Stallman to create a completely free operating system, which led to the development of GNU/Linux. The organization also works on issues like digital rights, software licensing (especially GNU General Public License, or GPL), and other efforts to combat proprietary software that restricts user freedom.

简而言之，FSF 的使命是确保用户对其软件拥有充分的权利，从而确保软件始终是一种赋权而非控制的工具。

In short, the FSF's mission is to ensure that software remains a tool of empowerment and not control, by making sure that users have full rights over their software.

FLOSS and FOSS

FLOSS and FOSS - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation

by Richard Stallman

自由软件社区的两大政治阵营是自由软件运动和开放源码。自由软件运动是一场为计算机用户争取自由的运动；我们说，不自由的程序是对用户的不公正。开放源码阵营不把这个问题看作是对用户的不公正，而只从实际利益出发。

The two political camps in the free software community are the free software movement and open source. The free software movement is a campaign for computer users' freedom; we say that a nonfree program is an injustice to its users. The open source camp declines to see the issue as a matter of justice to the users, and bases its arguments on practical benefits only.

为了强调 “free software ”指的是自由而不是价格，我们有时会写或说 “free（libre）软件”，并加上法文或西班牙文的自由一词。在某些情况下，只使用 “自由软件 ”也行得通。

To emphasize that “free software” refers to freedom and not to price, we sometimes write or say “free (libre) software”, adding the French or Spanish word that means free in the sense of freedom. In some contexts, it works to use just “libre software”.

一位研究自由软件社区开发者使用的实践和方法的研究人员认为，这些问题与开发者的政治观点无关，因此他使用了 “FLOSS ”一词，意为 “Free/Libre and Open Source Software”，以明确避免两个政治阵营之间的偏好。如果你希望保持中立，这不失为一种好方法，因为这使得两个阵营的名称同样突出。

A researcher studying practices and methods used by developers in the free software community decided that these questions were independent of the developers' political views, so he used the term “FLOSS”, meaning “Free/Libre and Open Source Software”, to explicitly avoid a preference between the two political camps. If you wish to be neutral, this is a good way to do it, since this makes the names of the two camps equally prominent.

还有人使用 “FOSS ”一词，即 “Free and Open Source Software”。其含义与 “FLOSS ”相同，但不太明确，因为它没有解释 “free ”指的是自由。它还使 “自由软件 ”不如 “开放源码 ”那么显眼，因为它突出了 “开放源码”，却把 “自由软件 ”分割开来。

Others use the term “FOSS”, which stands for “Free and Open Source Software”. This is meant to mean the same thing as “FLOSS”, but it is less clear, since it fails to explain that “free” refers to freedom. It also makes “free software” less visible than “open source”, since it presents “open source” prominently but splits “free software” apart.

“Free and Open Source Software “还有另一种误导性：它暗示 ”自由与开源 "是一种单一的观点，而不是两种不同的观点。这一领域的概念化妨碍了人们理解这样一个事实，即自由软件和开放源码是不同的政治立场，两者存在根本分歧。

“Free and Open Source Software” is misleading in another way: it suggests that “free and open source” names a single point of view, rather than mentioning two different ones. This conceptualization of the field is an obstacle to understanding the fact that free software and open source are different political positions that disagree fundamentally.

因此，如果你想在自由软件和开源之间保持中立，并清楚地认识它们，那么实现这一目标的方法就是说 “FLOSS”，而不是 “FOSS”。

Thus, if you want to be neutral between free software and open source, and clear about them, the way to achieve that is to say “FLOSS”, not “FOSS”.

我们自由软件运动不使用这两个词，因为我们不想在政治问题上保持中立。我们主张自由，我们每次都用 “free ”和 “libre”--或者 “free (libre)”--来表明这一点。

We in the free software movement don't use either of these terms, because we don't want to be neutral on the political question. We stand for freedom, and we show it every time—by saying “free” and “libre”—or “free (libre)”.

Free software vs Libre software

Free software 和 libre software这两个词都指尊重用户自由的软件，但由于英语中 “free”一词的歧义而产生了区别。区别如下：

The terms free software and libre software both refer to software that respects user freedoms, but the distinction arises due to the ambiguity of the word "free" in English. Here’s the difference:

1. 免费软件：在英语中，“免费 ”有两种不同的含义：

   - Free 指免费： 指价格。软件可以免费提供。

   - Free 指自由： 指用户使用软件的自由或权利。

   自由软件基金会（FSF）等组织使用的 “自由软件 ”一词指的是后者：自由。自由软件 "是指用户有权自由地运行、研究、修改和分享软件，而不受任何限制，也不论软件是否免费。

1. Free Software: In English, "free" can mean two different things:

   - Free as in free of charge: Refers to the price. The software could be available without cost.

   - Free as in freedom: Refers to the freedoms or rights users have with the software.

   The term "free software," as used by organizations like the Free Software Foundation (FSF), refers to the latter: freedom. It means software that gives users the rights to run, study, modify, and share it freely, without restrictions, regardless of whether it's free of charge.

2. 自由软件：“Libre ”是法语和西班牙语中 “自由 ”的意思，特别是为了避免与英语单词 “free ”产生混淆。因此，当人们使用 libre 软件一词时，他们强调的是自由，而不是价格。

2. Libre Software: "Libre" is the French and Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, specifically to avoid the confusion associated with the English word "free." So when people use the term libre software, they are emphasizing that they are talking about freedom, not price.

总之：

- Free软件： 侧重于用户自由，但可能与 “免费 ”混淆。

- Libre软件： 明确提及用户自由，避免与成本挂钩。

In summary:

- Free software: Focuses on user freedom but can be confused with "free of cost."

- Libre software: Clearly refers to user freedoms, avoiding any association with cost.

FSF 用四项基本自由来定义 “free software”：

- 为任何目的使用软件的自由。

- 研究程序如何运行并对其进行修改的自由。

- 重新分发拷贝的自由。

- 分发修改版本拷贝的自由。

The FSF defines "free software" in terms of four essential freedoms:

- The freedom to use the software for any purpose.

- The freedom to study how the program works and change it.

- The freedom to redistribute copies.

- The freedom to distribute copies of modified versions.