393. UTF-8 Validation

A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long, subjected to the following rules:

1. For 1-byte character, the first bit is a 0, followed by its unicode code.
2. For n-bytes character, the first n-bits are all one's, the n+1 bit is 0, followed by n-1 bytes with most significant 2 bits being 10.

This is how the UTF-8 encoding would work:

   Char. number range  |        UTF-8 octet sequence
      (hexadecimal)    |              (binary)
   --------------------+---------------------------------------------
   0000 0000-0000 007F | 0xxxxxxx
   0000 0080-0000 07FF | 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
   0000 0800-0000 FFFF | 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
   0001 0000-0010 FFFF | 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx

Given an array of integers representing the data, return whether it is a valid utf-8 encoding.

Note:
The input is an array of integers. Only the least significant 8 bits of each integer is used to store the data. This means each integer represents only 1 byte of data.

Example 1:

data = [197, 130, 1], which represents the octet sequence: 11000101 10000010 00000001.

Return true.
It is a valid utf-8 encoding for a 2-bytes character followed by a 1-byte character.

Example 2:

data = [235, 140, 4], which represented the octet sequence: 11101011 10001100 00000100.

Return false.
The first 3 bits are all one's and the 4th bit is 0 means it is a 3-bytes character.
The next byte is a continuation byte which starts with 10 and that's correct.
But the second continuation byte does not start with 10, so it is invalid.

这道题有些像阅读理解，先看规则的翻译：

1）对于单字节的符号，字节的第一位设为0，后面7位为这个符号的unicode码。因此对于英语字母，UTF-8编码和ASCII码是相同的。
2）对于n字节的符号（n>1），第一个字节的前n位都设为1，第n+1位设为0，后面字节的前两位一律设为10。剩下的没有提及的二进制位，全部为这个符号的unicode码。
下表总结了编码规则，字母x表示可用编码的位。
Unicode符号范围 | UTF-8编码方式
Unicode符号范围 | UTF-8编码方式
(十六进制) | （二进制）
--------------------+---------------------------------------------
0000 0000-0000 007F | 0xxxxxxx
0000 0080-0000 07FF | 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
0000 0800-0000 FFFF | 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
0001 0000-0010 FFFF | 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
跟据上表，解读UTF-8编码非常简单。如果一个字节的第一位是0，则这个字节单独就是一个字符；如果第一位是1，则连续有多少个1，就表示当前字符占用多少个字节。
下面，还是以汉字"严"为例，演示如何实现UTF-8编码。
已知"严"的unicode是4E25（100111000100101），根据上表，可以发现4E25处在第三行的范围内（0000 0800-0000 FFFF），因此"严"的UTF-8编码需要三个字节，即格式是"1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx"。然后，从"严"的最后一个二进制位开始，依次从后向前填入格式中的x，多出的位补0。这样就得到了，"严"的UTF-8编码是"11100100 10111000 10100101"，转换成十六进制就是E4B8A5。

根据规则写代码。代码如下：

public class Solution {
    public boolean validUtf8(int[] data) {
        int count = 0;
        for (int n: data) {
            if (count == 0) {
                if (n >>> 3 == 0b11110) count = 3;
                else if (n >>> 4 == 0b1110) count = 2;
                else if (n >>> 5 == 0b110) count = 1;
                else if (n >>> 7 != 0) return false;
                continue;
            }
            if (n >>> 6 != 0b10) return false;
            count --;
        }
        return count == 0;
    }
}