What is an Embedded System?

本文探讨了嵌入式系统在现代产品中的关键作用,包括其在汽车、消费电子、医疗设备等领域的巨大价值提升。通过具体案例分析,揭示了嵌入式系统如何推动创新,成为产品核心竞争力的来源。

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What is an Embedded System?

Most people don't realise that the most common form of computer in use today is by far the embedded computer. In fact, 98% of computing devices are embedded in all kinds of electronic equipment and machines. Computers are moving away from the desktop and are finding themselves in everyday devices like credit cards, mobile phones, cars and planes or places like homes, offices and factories. Embedded computing systems are made of hardware (nanoelectronic components) and software.

 Facts and figures

 

Over 4 billion embedded processors were sold last year and the global market is worth €60 billion with annual growth rates of 14%. Forecasts predict more than 16 billion embedded devices by 2010 and over 40 billion by 2020.

 

Embedded computing and electronics add substantial value to products. Within the next five years, the share of embedded systems are expected to increase substantially in markets such as automotive (36%), industrial automation (22%), telecommunications (37%), consumer electronics (41%) and health/medical equipment (33%). The value added to the final product by embedded software is much higher than the cost of the embedded device itself. For example, in the case of a modern car, by 2010 over 35% of its value will be due to embedded electronics. This accounts for 90% of new innovations and features in:

  • engine management (improved efficiency and reduced emissions)
  • safety features (like stability control, antilock braking and airbags)
  • comfort (navigation and entertainment features)

 Similarly, a modern cellular phone has more features than those of a laptop from a few years ago with integrated digital camera, camcorder, video/music player and, of course, a phone!

Strategic Importance

 

Embedded computing systems are facing unprecedented challenges, with heavy competitive pressures from established and newly emerging global players. Embedded computer systems are becoming increasingly complex and difficult to design and build.  While the US has led the world in the personal computer and internet markets in the 1980s and '90s, Europe has led the revolution in embedded systems. Therefore, it is strategically important for embedded systems to remain one of the strongholds of European industry.

LED Brightness Control with Push Buttons Objective: Design and implement an embedded system using the Nucleo L432KC board and Mbed that allows users to control the brightness of an LED using push buttons. One button will increase the brightness, and the other button will decrease it. Show the demo to the GTA. What you will need: 1 x Nucleo L432KC development board 1 x LED 2 x Push buttons Resistors (if required for LED current limiting and/or for push buttons to pull up or down) Breadboard and jumper wires Setup: Connect an LED to the Nucleo L432KC board's pin. Connect two push buttons to the pins for brightness control. Initialisation: Define a PWM output for controlling LED brightness (led1). Define digital inputs for the two push buttons (button and button2). Main Program: Implement a loop to continuously monitor the state of the push buttons. When one button is pressed, set a flag to indicate the desired action (increase or decrease brightness). Adjust LED brightness gradually based on the button press: oIf the first button is pressed, increase brightness gradually. oIf the second button is pressed, decrease brightness gradually. oIf no button is pressed, toggle the LED on/off. Gradual Brightness Change: Use a loop to increment or decrement the LED brightness gradually. Use thread_sleep_for() to introduce delays for a smooth brightness transition. Testing: Test the functionality by pressing the buttons and observing the LED brightness changes. Verify that the LED turns on/off when no button is pressed. Documentation: Document the circuit connections, code explanation, and any observations during testing. Take note of any challenges faced and how they were resolved.
最新发布
03-19
<think>好的,我现在需要帮助用户解决使用Nucleo L432KC开发板和Mbed平台通过按键控制LED亮度的问题。用户提到了PWM,所以首先我需要确认Nucleo L432KC的PWM功能以及如何在Mbed中使用它。 首先,我应该回顾一下Nucleo L432KC的硬件资源。这块板子基于STM32L432KC微控制器,具有多个定时器,可以用来生成PWM信号。用户需要控制LED的亮度,所以需要找到支持PWM输出的引脚。查阅数据手册,PA_0(D1)或者PA_1(D0)可能支持PWM,但需要确认。此外,用户提到使用按键,所以需要配置两个按钮,比如板载的USER按钮(PC_13)和另一个外部按钮连接到比如PC_0(A2)。 接下来是Mbed的配置。在Mbed Studio或在线编译器中,需要初始化PWM对象,并设置周期和占空比。PWM周期通常设置为比如20ms(50Hz),但对于LED调光,可能更低的频率也可以,但可能会有闪烁。用户可能希望调整占空比从0%到100%,每次按下增加或减少按钮时改变一定比例,比如10%。 然后是按键的处理。需要设置中断或轮询的方式检测按键按下。考虑到去抖动,使用中断更可靠,但需要软件去抖动或者硬件滤波。在Mbed中,可以使用InterruptIn类,并设置回调函数。当按钮被按下时,调整占空比的值,并限制在0到1之间。 可能的代码结构包括初始化PWM,设置两个按钮的中断,当按下时增加或减少占空比。例如,每次按下增加按钮,占空比增加0.1,减少按钮则减少0.1,然后使用printf输出当前亮度值到串口,方便调试。 还需要注意LED的连接方式,是否需要限流电阻,以及PWM输出的电压是否符合LED的要求。Nucleo板上的用户LED可能已经有限流电阻,所以直接使用即可。如果是外部LED,需要接合适的电阻。 最后,生成相关问题,可能涉及如何优化PWM频率、如何处理多个LED、如何实现软启动或渐变效果,以及低功耗设计等。</think>### 基于Nucleo L432KC的按键控制LED亮度实现 #### 一、硬件配置分析 1. **Nucleo L432KC PWM引脚** 该开发板的PWM输出支持通过定时器通道实现,例如: - `PA_0`(Arduino接口D1)支持TIM2_CH1 - `PA_1`(D0)支持TIM2_CH2[^1] 2. **按键接口** - 板载USER按钮:`PC_13` - 外部按钮可接至`PC_0`(A2)或其他GPIO #### 二、Mbed代码实现 ```cpp #include "mbed.h" // 硬件定义 PwmOut led_pwm(PA_0); // PWM输出引脚 InterruptIn btn_up(PC_13); // 亮度增加按钮 InterruptIn btn_down(PC_0);// 亮度减少按钮 void adjust_brightness(int direction) { float duty = led_pwm.read(); duty += direction * 0.1f; // 每次调整10% duty = (duty > 1.0) ? 1.0 : (duty < 0.0) ? 0.0 : duty; led_pwm.write(duty); printf("当前亮度: %.0f%%\n", duty*100); } int main() { led_pwm.period(0.01f); // 设置PWM周期为10ms(100Hz) btn_up.rise(&adjust_brightness, 1); // 按下增加 btn_down.rise(&adjust_brightness, -1);// 按下减少 while(1) { sleep(); } } ``` #### 三、关键实现细节 1. **PWM参数优化** - 周期设置`period(0.01f)`对应100Hz频率,可通过调整此值消除LED闪烁 - 占空比分辨率由定时器位数决定(STM32L432的定时器为16位) 2. **按键去抖动处理** 添加`wait_us(20000)`延迟或硬件RC滤波电路可消除机械抖动 3. **LED驱动电路** - 开发板自带LED串联470Ω限流电阻 - 外部LED需满足: $$R = \frac{V_{CC} - V_{LED}}{I_{LED}}$$ 其中$V_{LED}$为LED正向压降(通常2-3V) #### 四、系统验证 1. 使用逻辑分析仪测量PWM波形 2. 通过串口监视器观察亮度百分比输出 3. 实测亮度变化曲线应符合: $$L_{actual} = L_{max} \times duty^γ$$ 其中γ值由LED特性决定(通常2.2-3.0)
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