embedded system(嵌入式系统)的发展

本文介绍了嵌入式系统的两大体系——RISC与CISC,并重点分析了Intel在嵌入式领域的战略布局,包括其从IXA架构到Atom处理器的发展历程及目标市场定位。

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当下的embedded system已经非同以往,多核与网络化功能的发展加速了整个行业的多元化进程。让我们先回顾一下embedded system的大概框架,再来分析Intel的发展。

标准的嵌入式系统架构有两大体系: RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer,精简指令集计算机)处理器,和CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer,复杂指令集计算机)处理器体系。

RISC体系的阵营非常广泛,从ARM、MIPS、PowerPC、ARC、Tensilica等等,都属于RISC处理器。不过这些处理器虽然同样是属于RISC体系,但是在指令集设计与处理单元的结构上都各有不同,因此彼此完全不能兼容,应用软件也无法简单的重用。

CISC体系就包括了我们的Intel的X86处理器。CISC体系其实效率并不高,因为其指令集和芯片结构全而复杂。过去被应用在嵌入式系统的X86处理器,多为工业计算机中仍可见到的但是数年前早已退出个人计算机市场的Pentium3处理器。由于其性能稳定,加上已经被市场长久验证,故常应用于效能需求不高,但稳定性要求高的应用中,如工控设备等产品。当然了在这个市场上,Intel 遇到了AMD的强烈挑战,然而AMD在购并ATI之后,其表现只能算差强人意。

回顾以往Intel的产品,从嵌入式IXA(互联网交换架构),到网络处理器,Xscale,到现在的Atom,我们一直没有放弃过embedded system,准确的说是一直在寻找一个恰当的切入点进军这个充满潜力的市场。而且我们一直相信嵌入式市场对Intel来说是决定10年后命运的生死攸关的一场战争,据报道2015年全球将有150亿台连接互联网的设备,相对于已成熟的PC市场,嵌入式市场目前的开发程度可谓冰山一角。Intel嵌入式与通信事业部CTO Pranav Mehta 曾经对《电子系统设计》记者表示“现在是进入‘深嵌入式市场’的最佳时机。” 之前,英特尔在嵌入式市场主要在高端产品领域,比如通信与网络,现在,我们要大力投入的是中低端领域,也是我们称之为‘深嵌入式市场’的领域。在传统的深嵌入式领域,各种电子产品与外界没有联系,是一个个的孤岛。现在,人们对于这些孤岛的互连性要求越来越强烈,比如医疗设备、工厂、零售终端等等,都在向互连性迈进。这也正是英特尔的机会。因为现在的互联网基于IP,而英特尔的IA架构是IP网络最适合的平台。工程师在IA架构上更容易实现各种应用的创新。这也是我们今天有信心进入深嵌入式市场的原因。

我们要用IA架构来统一所有的电子产品,从小屏幕的手持设备到大屏幕的PC、以及没有屏幕的深嵌入设备,比如工业控制、交通、军事以及医疗电子等。当然了为了完成这个宏愿,我们要面对强大的ARM阵营,还有很多路要走。

Title: Embedded Systems: Introduction to Armxae Cortexu2122-M Microcontrollers, 5th Edition Author: Jonathan Valvano Length: 506 pages Edition: Fifth Language: English Publisher: Jonathan Valvano Publication Date: 2013-07-14 ISBN-10: B00DXVBRSC Embedded systems are a ubiquitous component of our everyday lives. We interact with hundreds of tiny computers every day that are embedded into our houses, our cars, our toys, and our work. As our world has become more complex, so have the capabilities of the microcontrollers embedded into our devices. The ARM Cortex-M family represents a new class of microcontrollers much more powerful than the devices available ten years ago. The purpose of this book is to present the design methodology to train young engineers to understand the basic building blocks that comprise devices like a cell phone, an MP3 player, a pacemaker, antilock brakes, and an engine controller. This book, now in its 5th edition, is the first in a series of three books that teach the fundamentals of embedded systems as applied to the ARM® Cortex-M family of microcontrollers. This first book is an introduction to computers and interfacing focusing on assembly language and C programming. The second book Embedded Systems: Real-Time Interfacing to ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers focuses on hardware/software interfacing and the design of embedded systems. The third book Embedded Systems: Real-Time Operating Systems for ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers is an advanced book focusing on operating systems, high-speed interfacing, control systems, and robotics. The third volume could also be used for professionals wishing to design or deploy a real-time operating system onto an ARM platform. This first book is an introductory book that could be used at the college level with little or no prerequisites. An embedded system is a system that performs a specific task and has a computer embedded inside. A system is comprised of components and interfaces connected together for a common purpose. This book is an introduction to embedded systems. Specific topics include microcontrollers, fixed-point numbers, the design of software in assembly language and C, elementary data structures, programming input/output including interrupts, analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion. The book will cover embedded systems for ARM® Cortex-M microcontrollers with specific details on the LM3S1968, TM4C123, and TM4C1294. Most of the topics can be run on any of these microcontrollers. In these books the terms LM3S LM4F and TM4C will refer to families of microcontrollers with the Texas Instruments Stellaris® line. Although the solutions are specific for the LM3S LM4F and TM4C families, it will be possible to use these books for other ARM derivatives. The true engineering experience occurs not with your eyes and ears, but rather with your fingers and elbows. In other words, engineering education does not happen by listening in class or reading a book; rather it happens by designing under the watchful eyes of a patient mentor. So, go build something today, then show it to someone you respect! Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to Computers and Electronics Chapter 2. Introduction to Embedded Systems Chapter 3. Introduction to the ARM?Cortex?-M Processor Chapter 4. Introduction to Input/Output Chapter 5. Modular Programming Chapter 6. Pointers and Data Structures Chapter 7. Variables, Numbers, and Parameter Passing Chapter 8. Serial and Parallel Port Interfacing Chapter 9. Interrupt Programming and Real-time Systems Chapter 10. Analog I/O Interfacing Chapter 11. Communication Systems Appendix 1. Glossary Appendix 2. Solutions to Checkpoints Appendix 3. How to Convert Projects from Keil to CCS Appendix 4. Assembly Reference
This book is self-published and is printed on demand. The original ISBN was generated in 2012, but if you purchase the book new from CreateSpace or Amazon you will get the new version, which was uploaded January 3, 2017. This book, now in its fourth edition (January 2017), is the third in a series of three books that teach the fundamentals of embedded systems as applied to ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers. This book specifically covers the TM4C and MSP432 microcontrollers; however, it could be used with any Cortex-M microcontroller. This third volume is primarily written for senior undergraduate or first-year graduate electrical and computer engineering students. It could also be used for professionals wishing to design or deploy a real-time operating system onto an ARM platform. The first book Embedded Systems: Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M Microcontroller is an introduction to computers and interfacing focusing on assembly language and C programming. The second book Embedded Systems: Real-Time Interfacing to ARM Cortex-M Microcontroller focuses on interfacing and the design of embedded systems. This third book is an advanced book focusing on operating systems, high-speed interfacing, control systems, robotics, Bluetooth, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Rather than buying and deploying an existing OS, the focus is on fundamental principles, so readers can write their-own OS. Embedded systems are a ubiquitous component of our everyday lives. We interact with hundreds of tiny computers every day that are embedded into our houses, our cars, our toys, and our work. As our world has become more complex, so have the capabilities of the microcontrollers embedded into our devices. An embedded system is a system that performs a specific task and has a computer embedded inside. A system is comprised of components and interfaces connected together for a common purpose. Specific topics include microcontrollers, design, verification, hardware/software synchronization, interfacing devices to the computer, real-time operating systems, data collection and processing, motor control, analog filters, digital filters, and real-time signal processing. This book employs many approaches to learning. It will not include an exhaustive recapitulation of the information in data sheets. First, it begins with basic fundamentals, which allows the reader to solve new problems with new technology. Second, the book presents many detailed design examples. These examples illustrate the process of design. There are multiple structural components that assist learning. Checkpoints, with answers in the back, are short easy to answer questions providing immediate feedback while reading. Simple homework questions provide more detailed learning opportunities. The book includes an index and a glossary so that information can be searched. The most important learning experiences in a class like this are of course the laboratories. More detailed lab descriptions are available on the web. Specifically for Volume 1, look at the lab assignments for EE319K. For Volume 2 refer to the EE445L labs, and for this volume, look at the lab assignments for EE445M/EE380L.6. There is a web site accompanying this book http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/arm. Posted here are Keil uVision projects for each the example programs in the book. You will also find data sheets and Excel spreadsheets relevant to the material in this book. The book will cover embedded systems for the ARM Cortex-M with specific details on the MSP432, TM4C123, and TM4C1294. Most of the topics can be run on any of these Texas Instruments LaunchPads. Ethernet examples can be run on the TM4C1294. Although the solutions are specific for the MSP432/TM4C families, it will be possible to use this book for other Cortex-M derivatives. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Computer Architecture Chapter 2. Microcontroller Input/Output Chapter 3. Thread Management Chapter 4. Time Management Chapter 5. Real-time Systems Chapter 6. Digital Signal Processing Chapter 7. High-Speed Interfacing Chapter 8. File system management Chapter 9. Communication Systems Chapter 10. Robotic Systems Appendix 1. Glossary Appendix 2. Solutions to Checkpoints
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