PDF格式分析（十）PDF / UA-1文件格式要求

最新推荐文章于 2025-10-30 10:28:42 发布
最新推荐文章于 2025-10-30 10:28:42 发布
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分类专栏： PDF分析
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本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/steve_cui/article/details/82149126
PDF/UA-1是基于PDF 1.7的可访问性标准，要求文档必须标记、嵌入所有字体、禁止某些图层选项和外部内容，并在元数据中指定标题。语义要求包括结构元素的逻辑顺序和适当标记，如标题、表格、图像和链接。PDF/UA-1规定了特定标签和内容类型的要求，如图像需提供替代文字，标题和列表需正确嵌套。此外，标准还涉及Unicode语义、注释和表单字段的可访问性，以及对书签、附件和页码的建议。PDF/UA-1与PDF/A标准兼容，但PDF/A-1a存在与PDF/UA-1的冲突。

PDF / UA-1基于ISO 32000-1（PDF 1.7）。它不会为PDF文件格式添加任何新功能，但会使某些方面成为PDF 1.7中的可选项。所有PDF / UA-1文件都必须满足以下条件：

  • 必须标记该文档。虽然PDF 1.7包含有关嵌套和不同类型结构元素关系的一些要求，但PDF / UA-1扩展并阐明了这些规则（详见下文）。
  • 必须嵌入文档中使用的所有字体（不可见文本的字体除外，例如OCR结果）。
  • 不允许使用某些图层选项。
  • 不允许外部内容（由PDF / X-5强制引用XObjects）。
  • 必须在文档的元数据中指定文档标题。

语义要求
在为PDF / UA-1创建结构层次结构时，必须遵循以下语义方面：

  • 标记必须使用适合文档结构的结构元素：如果它是标题，则必须将其标记为标题。如果它是一个表，则必须将其标记为表。如果是列表，则必须将其标记为列表。
  • 与文档含义无关的内容不得包含在文档层次结构中，而必须标记为Artifact。典型示例是运行页眉和页脚，页码和背景图像。
    结构元素必须按逻辑阅读顺序排列。
  • 如果由于内容的颜色，格式或布局而无法以其他方式访问目标信息，则必须对内容进行适当标记。
  • 如果图形中包含的文本不包含自然语言的文本（例如字体或脚本示例），则它需要Alt属性并附带说明。
  • 图像必须提供替代文字; 图片标题必须标有标题标记。
  • 链接必须附带适当的链接注释。
  • 只能为逻辑上属于一起的图形元素组创建单个图形标记。
  • 脚注
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file:///C:/b/abs_ddkoa9nju6/croot/tenacity_1682972298929/work terminado @ file:///C:/ci_311/terminado_1678228513830/work text-unidecode @ file:///Users/ktietz/demo/mc3/conda-bld/text-unidecode_1629401354553/work textdistance @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/textdistance_1612461398012/work threadpoolctl @ file:///Users/ktietz/demo/mc3/conda-bld/threadpoolctl_1629802263681/work three-merge @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/three-merge_1607553261110/work tifffile @ file:///C:/b/abs_45o5chuqwt/croot/tifffile_1695107511025/work tinycss2 @ file:///C:/ci_311/tinycss2_1676425376744/work tldextract @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/tldextract_1646638314385/work tokenizers==0.21.2 toml @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/toml_1616166611790/work tomlkit @ file:///C:/ci_311/tomlkit_1676425418821/work toolz @ file:///C:/ci_311/toolz_1676431406517/work torch==2.7.1 tornado @ file:///C:/b/abs_61jhmrrua1/croot/tornado_1690848767317/work tqdm @ file:///C:/b/abs_f76j9hg7pv/croot/tqdm_1679561871187/work traitlets @ file:///C:/ci_311/traitlets_1676423290727/work transformers==4.53.1 Twisted @ file:///C:/b/abs_f1pc_rieoy/croot/twisted_1683796899561/work twisted-iocpsupport @ file:///C:/ci_311/twisted-iocpsupport_1676447612160/work typing_extensions==4.14.1 tzdata @ file:///croot/python-tzdata_1690578112552/work ua-parser==1.0.1 ua-parser-builtins==0.18.0.post1 uc-micro-py @ file:///C:/ci_311/uc-micro-py_1676457695423/work ujson @ file:///C:/ci_311/ujson_1676434714224/work Unidecode @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/unidecode_1614712377438/work uri-template==1.3.0 urllib3 @ file:///C:/b/abs_889_loyqv4/croot/urllib3_1686163174463/work user-agents==2.2.0 w3lib @ file:///Users/ktietz/demo/mc3/conda-bld/w3lib_1629359764703/work watchdog @ file:///C:/ci_311/watchdog_1676457923624/work wcwidth @ file:///Users/ktietz/demo/mc3/conda-bld/wcwidth_1629357192024/work webcolors==24.11.1 webencodings==0.5.1 websocket-client==1.8.0 Werkzeug @ file:///C:/b/abs_8578rs2ra_/croot/werkzeug_1679489759009/work whatthepatch @ file:///C:/ci_311/whatthepatch_1678402578113/work widgetsnbextension @ file:///C:/b/abs_882k4_4kdf/croot/widgetsnbextension_1679313880295/work win-inet-pton @ file:///C:/ci_311/win_inet_pton_1676425458225/work wrapt @ file:///C:/ci_311/wrapt_1676432805090/work xarray @ file:///C:/b/abs_5bkjiynp4e/croot/xarray_1689041498548/work xlwings @ file:///C:/ci_311_rebuilds/xlwings_1679013429160/work xxhash @ file:///C:/ci_311/python-xxhash_1676446168786/work xyzservices @ file:///C:/ci_311/xyzservices_1676434829315/work y-py @ file:///C:/b/abs_b7f5go6r0j/croot/y-py_1683662173571/work yapf @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/yapf_1615749224965/work yarl @ file:///C:/ci_311/yarl_1676432870023/work ypy-websocket @ file:///C:/b/abs_4e65ywlnv8/croot/ypy-websocket_1684172103529/work zict @ file:///C:/b/abs_fc7elavmem/croot/zict_1682698759288/work zipp @ file:///C:/ci_311/zipp_1676426100491/work zope.interface @ file:///C:/ci_311/zope.interface_1676439868776/work zstandard==0.19.0
07-08
### 使用 `pip freeze` 生成 requirements.txt 文件 在 Python 项目开发中，依赖管理是一个重要的环节。为了准确记录并复现项目的依赖环境，可以使用以下命令将当前环境中所有已安装的包及其版本信息保存到 `requirements.txt` 文件中： ```bash pip freeze > requirements.txt ``` 此命令会列出当前 Python 环境中所有已安装的包，并将其版本信息写入 `requirements.txt` 文件中，以便在其他环境中快速安装相同的依赖包[^1]。 --- ### 避免导出子依赖和编码问题 在某些情况下，`pip freeze` 可能会导出过多的依赖项，包括间接依赖（即子依赖），这可能导致依赖关系不够清晰。为了避免这种情况，可以结合虚拟环境使用 `pip freeze`，以确保仅导出项目直接需要的依赖。 此外，在 Windows 上使用 `pip freeze > requirements.txt` 时，可能会遇到编码问题。为了解决这个问题，建议使用 PowerShell 的 `Out-File` 命令指定文件编码： ```powershell pip freeze | Out-File -FilePath requirements.txt -Encoding utf8 ``` 这种方式可以避免因编码格式不兼容而导致的文件读取问题[^2]。 --- ### 在其他环境中安装依赖 一旦 `requirements.txt` 文件生成后，其他开发者可以通过以下命令快速安装相同的依赖环境： ```bash pip install -r requirements.txt ``` 该命令会根据 `requirements.txt` 中列出的包名和版本号，自动下载并安装相应的依赖包，从而确保多个开发环境之间的一致性[^1]。 --- ### 示例：生成 Flask 和 Requests 的依赖文件 假设项目中使用了 `Flask` 和 `Requests` 库，则可以先安装这两个包： ```bash pip install Flask Requests ``` 然后生成 `requirements.txt` 文件： ```bash pip freeze > requirements.txt ``` 此时，`requirements.txt` 文件的内容可能如下所示： ``` Flask==1.1.2 Requests==2.25.1 ``` 通过这种方式，可以轻松地记录和共享项目的依赖配置。 ---
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