A Question To Make A Monkey Of You

本文探讨了如何在面试中妥善回答关于个人最大缺点的问题。建议求职者提前准备,选择与工作相关但不影响工作表现的缺点进行回答,并展示改进措施。

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小型市场研究公司Worldwide Panel LLC准备招聘4名销售和IT技术人员,结果收到了大量简历。不过,招聘人员预计,在向应聘者发问“你最大的缺点是什么?”之后,会有很多人被淘汰。Worldwide高级副总裁莫罗(Christopher Morrow)说,对这个问题,应聘者的回答往往并非缺点,他们因此过不了关。Robin Eley“缺点”问题是求职面试中最常见也最让人头痛的一个问题。而在眼下就业市场疲软的情况下,不恰当的回答将降低你赢得工作的机会。一些应聘者会给出误以为老板会喜欢的答案,比如,“我的缺点是过于追求完美”。对此埃里奇(Joshua Ehrlich)提醒说,这个回答会对你求职不利,因为它显得你似乎没有能力授权给他人。埃里奇是一个由纽约职业培训机构BeamPines Inc.和伦敦米德塞克斯大学(Middlesex University)合办的经理人硕士班培训项目的负责人。为对付这个问题,可事先精心设计好一个答案,以凸显你适合所申请的这个职位。莫罗说,出色回答这个问题的求职者表现出他们能够“主动行动,改善自己”。关键在哪里?那就是充分的准备。职场专家建议,你可以整理一下自己的缺点,挑出其中跟工作有关但又不会妨碍你行使工作职责的方面。费城大型职业介绍机构Right Management执行副总裁桑特拉(Tony Santora)说,2007年一位IT经理在参加面试时,在有关缺点的问题上败下阵来:他的回答居然是,“我真正的缺点是,我的烹饪技术很糟糕。”大声朗读答案,可以找朋友或自己用录像来一番角色扮演。不过,不要背诵自己的答案。加州管理培训师克劳斯(Peggy Klaus)说,回头看录像的时候,找出你觉得可以改善的地方,这样在练习时可以做得更好。那位IT经理在辛辛那提和其他求职者及咨询师一起参加Right Management的训练课程后改变了思路。他后来的回答是,由于每天长时间忙于工作,他发现自己很难及时了解世界大事。因此,他每天晚上在家花30分钟恶补这方面的信息。桑特拉说,当他后来在一家全球性制药企业求职时,他的回答让面试官很有共鸣。这家公司最后雇用了他。考虑目标公司的企业文化也同样重要。纽约心理学家达特纳(Ben Dattner)说,如果到一家初创公司面试,你可以说,“我的缺点是容易对日常的循规蹈矩感到厌烦”。克劳斯说,上个月,旧金山郊区一家非营利组织的一名热情的执行董事差一点儿毁掉他的机会,原因是他在回答一个变相的弱点问题时忽视了这家机构的一项核心价值。克劳斯是这家机构的董事。面试快结束时,克劳斯想知道他对那个职位的各个方面是否还有什么问题。“没问题,我想我都能解决,”这位求职者回答到。他这么轻率的回答让克劳斯有点失望,因为她感觉他对自己的缺点缺乏认识。她说,他的回答让董事们怀疑他是否能听取批评性意见,而这家机构对这一点非常看重。但因为这位申请人其他条件很好,董事会给了他第二次面试机会,并要求他对自己的缺点作更充分的说明。他说,他第一次面试时“对那个问题毫无准备,担心会说出什么大的致命缺陷,”随后,他向面试官提到自己在工作遇到危急关头时,往往会过于仓促地做出决策。董事会的担心消除了,最后安排他担任了这家非营利机构的负责工作。理想的情况是,你在回答中应尽量避免使用“缺点”这样的词,同时还可以提到改正措施。Maidenform Brands销售主管《在面试中推销自己》(Sell Yourself in Any Interview)一书的作者阿德勒(Oscar Adler)说,将你最大的缺点转化为“机会之窗”,表明你的改善措施将使工作受益。比如他建议说,销售人员可以说,在强化数学能力后,销售业绩上升了。当面试官突然提出这样的刁钻问题时,你的身体语言也能反映一些问题。不当的肢体语言会削弱你的可信度。某些求职者会蜷缩身体,茫然地瞟着房间四周,或是扭动出汗的手掌。阿德勒说,他们看起来就有点像遇到了他们没法对付的问题。心理学家皮尔森(Pat Pearson)说,保持视线接触正常呼吸和明朗的微笑可以让雇主觉得“你对有关弱点的问题有所准备”。皮尔森着有《停止自我摧毁》(Stop Self-Sabotage!)一书。同理,如果你回答问题前稍作停顿会让你看起来深思熟虑。不过不要时间过长。莫罗警告说,如果你的停顿时间长达一分钟,那我已经能发现你的弱点了。Joann S. Lublin相关阅读雷曼兄弟又成求职热点 2009-02-03应聘切忌夸夸其谈 2009-01-23原声视频:鼓起勇气应对下岗 2009-01-09寻找失业的成就感 2008-12-15薪酬大缩水 应对有高招 2008-12-12


Worldwide Panel LLC, a small market-research firm, is getting flooded with resumes for four vacancies in sales and information technology.However, officials expect to reject numerous applicants after asking them: 'What is your greatest weakness?' Candidates often respond 'with something that is not a weakness,' say Christopher Morrow, senior vice president of the Calabasas, Calif., concern. 'It is a deal breaker.'The weakness question represents the most common and most stressful one posed during interviews. Yet in today's weak job market, the wrong answer weakens your chances of winning employment.Some people offer replies they mistakenly assume that bosses love, such as 'I am a perfectionist.' That response 'will be used against you' because you appear incapable of delegating, warns Joshua Ehrlich, dean of a master's program in executive coaching sponsored by BeamPines Inc., a New York coaching firm and Middlesex University in London.A careful game plan could help you cope with the shortcoming query in a way that highlights your fit for a desired position. Job seekers who field the question well demonstrate that they can 'take initiative and improve themselves,' Mr. Morrow says.The key? Thorough preparation. Career specialists suggest you take stock of your weaknesses, focusing on job-related ones that won't impede your ability to perform your duties. Tony Santora, an executive vice president for Right Management, a major outplacement firm in Philadelphia, says an information-technology manager flubbed a 2007 interview by choosing a personal foible as his reply: 'My true weakness is that I am a terrible cook.'Rehearse your responses aloud, role play with a friend or videotape yourself -- but don't memorize your words. As you review the video, look for aspects 'you would like to change so you can continue to get better as you practice,' says Peggy Klaus, a leadership coach in Berkeley, Calif.The IT manager changed his tune after practice sessions with fellow job seekers and a counselor in Cincinnati for Right Management. He instead said he worked such long hours that he found it difficult to stay current with world events. So, he spent 30 minutes every evening catching up at home.When the manager pursued an opportunity at a global drug maker, his revamped response 'really resonated with the interviewer,' says Mr. Santora. The manufacturer hired the man.It's equally important that you consider an employer's corporate culture. While being interviewed by a start-up, 'you could say, 'My weakness is I get bored by routine,'' says Ben Dattner, a New York industrial psychologist.Last month, an aspiring executive director of a nonprofit group in suburban San Francisco nearly jeopardized his selection because his reply to a variation of the weakness question ignored one of its core values, according to Ms. Klaus, a board member there. Near the end of his interview, she wondered whether he might have problems with any aspects of the job. 'No, I am confident I could do it all,' the prospect declared.His flip comment dismayed Ms. Klaus, because she felt he lacked awareness of his weaknesses. She says his response raised doubts among board members that 'he would be able to take critical feedback,' an attribute the organization values highly.Because the man was well-qualified, the board gave him a second interview -- and demanded a fuller explanation of his weak spots. He said he had been 'unprepared for that question and nervous about coming out with a big fatal flaw,' then described his tendency to make decisions too fast during workplace crises. Board members' doubts disappeared, and they picked him for the nonprofit's top job.Ideally, your reply also should exclude the word 'weakness' and cover your corrective steps. Dubbing your greatest fault a 'window of opportunity' signals your improvement efforts should benefit the workplace, says Oscar Adler, a retired Maidenform Brands sales executive and author of the book, 'Sell Yourself in Any Interview.' For instance, he suggests, a salesman might note that he sold more after strengthening his facility with numbers.When an interviewer pops this nerve-wracking query, your body language counts as well. The wrong nonverbal cues undercut your credibility. Certain candidates hunch over, glance furtively around the room or wring their sweaty palms. 'They sort of look like they're being asked a question they can't handle,' says Mr. Adler.Maintaining eye contact, regular breathing and a broad smile impress employers that 'you're prepared for the weakness question,' says psychotherapist Pat Pearson, author of 'Stop Self-Sabotage!'For the same reason, you seem thoughtful if you pause before responding. But don't wait too long. 'If you're going to take a minute,' Mr. Morrow cautions, 'I've just identified your weakness.'Joann S. Lublin
#下面程序运行时报错: C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\python.exe C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\transformers\utils\generic.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\transformers\utils\generic.py", line 34, in <module> from ..utils import logging ImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package 进程已结束,退出代码为 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ import inspect import json import os import tempfile import warnings from collections import OrderedDict, UserDict, defaultdict from collections.abc import Iterable, MutableMapping from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager from dataclasses import dataclass, fields, is_dataclass from enum import Enum from functools import partial, wraps from typing import Any, Callable, ContextManager, Optional, TypedDict import numpy as np from packaging import version from ..utils import logging from .import_utils import ( get_torch_version, is_flax_available, is_mlx_available, is_tf_available, is_torch_available, is_torch_fx_proxy, requires, ) _CAN_RECORD_REGISTRY = {} logger = logging.get_logger(__name__) if is_torch_available(): # required for @can_return_tuple decorator to work with torchdynamo import torch # noqa: F401 from ..model_debugging_utils import model_addition_debugger_context class cached_property(property): """ Descriptor that mimics @property but caches output in member variable. From tensorflow_datasets Built-in in functools from Python 3.8. """ def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None): # See docs.python.org/3/howto/descriptor.html#properties if obj is None: return self if self.fget is None: raise AttributeError("unreadable attribute") attr = "__cached_" + self.fget.__name__ cached = getattr(obj, attr, None) if cached is None: cached = self.fget(obj) setattr(obj, attr, cached) return cached # vendored from distutils.util def strtobool(val): """Convert a string representation of truth to true (1) or false (0). True values are 'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', and '1'; false values are 'n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', and '0'. Raises ValueError if 'val' is anything else. """ val = val.lower() if val in {"y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"}: return 1 if val in {"n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"}: return 0 raise ValueError(f"invalid truth value {val!r}") def infer_framework_from_repr(x): """ Tries to guess the framework of an object `x` from its repr (brittle but will help in `is_tensor` to try the frameworks in a smart order, without the need to import the frameworks). """ representation = str(type(x)) if representation.startswith("<class 'torch."): return "pt" elif representation.startswith("<class 'tensorflow."): return "tf" elif representation.startswith("<class 'jax"): return "jax" elif representation.startswith("<class 'numpy."): return "np" elif representation.startswith("<class 'mlx."): return "mlx" def _get_frameworks_and_test_func(x): """ Returns an (ordered since we are in Python 3.7+) dictionary framework to test function, which places the framework we can guess from the repr first, then Numpy, then the others. """ framework_to_test = { "pt": is_torch_tensor, "tf": is_tf_tensor, "jax": is_jax_tensor, "np": is_numpy_array, "mlx": is_mlx_array, } preferred_framework = infer_framework_from_repr(x) # We will test this one first, then numpy, then the others. frameworks = [] if preferred_framework is None else [preferred_framework] if preferred_framework != "np": frameworks.append("np") frameworks.extend([f for f in framework_to_test if f not in [preferred_framework, "np"]]) return {f: framework_to_test[f] for f in frameworks} def is_tensor(x): """ Tests if `x` is a `torch.Tensor`, `tf.Tensor`, `jaxlib.xla_extension.DeviceArray`, `np.ndarray` or `mlx.array` in the order defined by `infer_framework_from_repr` """ # This gives us a smart order to test the frameworks with the corresponding tests. framework_to_test_func = _get_frameworks_and_test_func(x) for test_func in framework_to_test_func.values(): if test_func(x): return True # Tracers if is_torch_fx_proxy(x): return True if is_flax_available(): from jax.core import Tracer if isinstance(x, Tracer): return True return False def _is_numpy(x): return isinstance(x, np.ndarray) def is_numpy_array(x): """ Tests if `x` is a numpy array or not. """ return _is_numpy(x) def _is_torch(x): import torch return isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) def is_torch_tensor(x): """ Tests if `x` is a torch tensor or not. Safe to call even if torch is not installed. """ return False if not is_torch_available() else _is_torch(x) def _is_torch_device(x): import torch return isinstance(x, torch.device) def is_torch_device(x): """ Tests if `x` is a torch device or not. Safe to call even if torch is not installed. """ return False if not is_torch_available() else _is_torch_device(x) def _is_torch_dtype(x): import torch if isinstance(x, str): if hasattr(torch, x): x = getattr(torch, x) else: return False return isinstance(x, torch.dtype) def is_torch_dtype(x): """ Tests if `x` is a torch dtype or not. Safe to call even if torch is not installed. """ return False if not is_torch_available() else _is_torch_dtype(x) def _is_tensorflow(x): import tensorflow as tf return isinstance(x, tf.Tensor) def is_tf_tensor(x): """ Tests if `x` is a tensorflow tensor or not. Safe to call even if tensorflow is not installed. """ return False if not is_tf_available() else _is_tensorflow(x) def _is_tf_symbolic_tensor(x): import tensorflow as tf # the `is_symbolic_tensor` predicate is only available starting with TF 2.14 if hasattr(tf, "is_symbolic_tensor"): return tf.is_symbolic_tensor(x) return isinstance(x, tf.Tensor) def is_tf_symbolic_tensor(x): """ Tests if `x` is a tensorflow symbolic tensor or not (ie. not eager). Safe to call even if tensorflow is not installed. """ return False if not is_tf_available() else _is_tf_symbolic_tensor(x) def _is_jax(x): import jax.numpy as jnp # noqa: F811 return isinstance(x, jnp.ndarray) def is_jax_tensor(x): """ Tests if `x` is a Jax tensor or not. Safe to call even if jax is not installed. """ return False if not is_flax_available() else _is_jax(x) def _is_mlx(x): import mlx.core as mx return isinstance(x, mx.array) def is_mlx_array(x): """ Tests if `x` is a mlx array or not. Safe to call even when mlx is not installed. """ return False if not is_mlx_available() else _is_mlx(x) def to_py_obj(obj): """ Convert a TensorFlow tensor, PyTorch tensor, Numpy array or python list to a python list. """ if isinstance(obj, (int, float)): return obj elif isinstance(obj, (dict, UserDict)): return {k: to_py_obj(v) for k, v in obj.items()} elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)): try: arr = np.array(obj) if np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.integer) or np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.floating): return arr.tolist() except Exception: pass return [to_py_obj(o) for o in obj] framework_to_py_obj = { "pt": lambda obj: obj.tolist(), "tf": lambda obj: obj.numpy().tolist(), "jax": lambda obj: np.asarray(obj).tolist(), "np": lambda obj: obj.tolist(), } # This gives us a smart order to test the frameworks with the corresponding tests. framework_to_test_func = _get_frameworks_and_test_func(obj) for framework, test_func in framework_to_test_func.items(): if test_func(obj): return framework_to_py_obj[framework](obj) # tolist also works on 0d np arrays if isinstance(obj, np.number): return obj.tolist() else: return obj def to_numpy(obj): """ Convert a TensorFlow tensor, PyTorch tensor, Numpy array or python list to a Numpy array. """ framework_to_numpy = { "pt": lambda obj: obj.detach().cpu().numpy(), "tf": lambda obj: obj.numpy(), "jax": lambda obj: np.asarray(obj), "np": lambda obj: obj, } if isinstance(obj, (dict, UserDict)): return {k: to_numpy(v) for k, v in obj.items()} elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)): return np.array(obj) # This gives us a smart order to test the frameworks with the corresponding tests. framework_to_test_func = _get_frameworks_and_test_func(obj) for framework, test_func in framework_to_test_func.items(): if test_func(obj): return framework_to_numpy[framework](obj) return obj class ModelOutput(OrderedDict): """ Base class for all model outputs as dataclass. Has a `__getitem__` that allows indexing by integer or slice (like a tuple) or strings (like a dictionary) that will ignore the `None` attributes. Otherwise behaves like a regular python dictionary. <Tip warning={true}> You can't unpack a `ModelOutput` directly. Use the [`~utils.ModelOutput.to_tuple`] method to convert it to a tuple before. </Tip> """ def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None: """Register subclasses as pytree nodes. This is necessary to synchronize gradients when using `torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` with `static_graph=True` with modules that output `ModelOutput` subclasses. """ if is_torch_available(): if version.parse(get_torch_version()) >= version.parse("2.2"): from torch.utils._pytree import register_pytree_node register_pytree_node( cls, _model_output_flatten, partial(_model_output_unflatten, output_type=cls), serialized_type_name=f"{cls.__module__}.{cls.__name__}", ) else: from torch.utils._pytree import _register_pytree_node _register_pytree_node( cls, _model_output_flatten, partial(_model_output_unflatten, output_type=cls), ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) # Subclasses of ModelOutput must use the @dataclass decorator # This check is done in __init__ because the @dataclass decorator operates after __init_subclass__ # issubclass() would return True for issubclass(ModelOutput, ModelOutput) when False is needed # Just need to check that the current class is not ModelOutput is_modeloutput_subclass = self.__class__ != ModelOutput if is_modeloutput_subclass and not is_dataclass(self): raise TypeError( f"{self.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__} is not a dataclass." " This is a subclass of ModelOutput and so must use the @dataclass decorator." ) def __post_init__(self): """Check the ModelOutput dataclass. Only occurs if @dataclass decorator has been used. """ class_fields = fields(self) # Safety and consistency checks if not len(class_fields): raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} has no fields.") if not all(field.default is None for field in class_fields[1:]): raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} should not have more than one required field.") first_field = getattr(self, class_fields[0].name) other_fields_are_none = all(getattr(self, field.name) is None for field in class_fields[1:]) if other_fields_are_none and not is_tensor(first_field): if isinstance(first_field, dict): iterator = first_field.items() first_field_iterator = True else: try: iterator = iter(first_field) first_field_iterator = True except TypeError: first_field_iterator = False # if we provided an iterator as first field and the iterator is a (key, value) iterator # set the associated fields if first_field_iterator: for idx, element in enumerate(iterator): if not isinstance(element, (list, tuple)) or len(element) != 2 or not isinstance(element[0], str): if idx == 0: # If we do not have an iterator of key/values, set it as attribute self[class_fields[0].name] = first_field else: # If we have a mixed iterator, raise an error raise ValueError( f"Cannot set key/value for {element}. It needs to be a tuple (key, value)." ) break setattr(self, element[0], element[1]) if element[1] is not None: self[element[0]] = element[1] elif first_field is not None: self[class_fields[0].name] = first_field else: for field in class_fields: v = getattr(self, field.name) if v is not None: self[field.name] = v def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): raise Exception(f"You cannot use ``__delitem__`` on a {self.__class__.__name__} instance.") def setdefault(self, *args, **kwargs): raise Exception(f"You cannot use ``setdefault`` on a {self.__class__.__name__} instance.") def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): raise Exception(f"You cannot use ``pop`` on a {self.__class__.__name__} instance.") def update(self, *args, **kwargs): raise Exception(f"You cannot use ``update`` on a {self.__class__.__name__} instance.") def __getitem__(self, k): if isinstance(k, str): inner_dict = dict(self.items()) return inner_dict[k] else: return self.to_tuple()[k] def __setattr__(self, name, value): if name in self.keys() and value is not None: # Don't call self.__setitem__ to avoid recursion errors super().__setitem__(name, value) super().__setattr__(name, value) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # Will raise a KeyException if needed super().__setitem__(key, value) # Don't call self.__setattr__ to avoid recursion errors super().__setattr__(key, value) def __reduce__(self): if not is_dataclass(self): return super().__reduce__() callable, _args, *remaining = super().__reduce__() args = tuple(getattr(self, field.name) for field in fields(self)) return callable, args, *remaining def to_tuple(self) -> tuple[Any]: """ Convert self to a tuple containing all the attributes/keys that are not `None`. """ return tuple(self[k] for k in self.keys()) if is_torch_available(): import torch.utils._pytree as _torch_pytree def _model_output_flatten(output: ModelOutput) -> tuple[list[Any], "_torch_pytree.Context"]: return list(output.values()), list(output.keys()) def _model_output_unflatten( values: Iterable[Any], context: "_torch_pytree.Context", output_type=None, ) -> ModelOutput: return output_type(**dict(zip(context, values))) if version.parse(get_torch_version()) >= version.parse("2.2"): _torch_pytree.register_pytree_node( ModelOutput, _model_output_flatten, partial(_model_output_unflatten, output_type=ModelOutput), serialized_type_name=f"{ModelOutput.__module__}.{ModelOutput.__name__}", ) else: _torch_pytree._register_pytree_node( ModelOutput, _model_output_flatten, partial(_model_output_unflatten, output_type=ModelOutput), ) class ExplicitEnum(str, Enum): """ Enum with more explicit error message for missing values. """ @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): raise ValueError( f"{value} is not a valid {cls.__name__}, please select one of {list(cls._value2member_map_.keys())}" ) class PaddingStrategy(ExplicitEnum): """ Possible values for the `padding` argument in [`PreTrainedTokenizerBase.__call__`]. Useful for tab-completion in an IDE. """ LONGEST = "longest" MAX_LENGTH = "max_length" DO_NOT_PAD = "do_not_pad" class TensorType(ExplicitEnum): """ Possible values for the `return_tensors` argument in [`PreTrainedTokenizerBase.__call__`]. Useful for tab-completion in an IDE. """ PYTORCH = "pt" TENSORFLOW = "tf" NUMPY = "np" JAX = "jax" MLX = "mlx" class ContextManagers: """ Wrapper for `contextlib.ExitStack` which enters a collection of context managers. Adaptation of `ContextManagers` in the `fastcore` library. """ def __init__(self, context_managers: list[ContextManager]): self.context_managers = context_managers self.stack = ExitStack() def __enter__(self): for context_manager in self.context_managers: self.stack.enter_context(context_manager) def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.stack.__exit__(*args, **kwargs) def can_return_loss(model_class): """ Check if a given model can return loss. Args: model_class (`type`): The class of the model. """ framework = infer_framework(model_class) if framework == "tf": signature = inspect.signature(model_class.call) # TensorFlow models elif framework == "pt": signature = inspect.signature(model_class.forward) # PyTorch models else: signature = inspect.signature(model_class.__call__) # Flax models for p in signature.parameters: if p == "return_loss" and signature.parameters[p].default is True: return True return False def find_labels(model_class): """ Find the labels used by a given model. Args: model_class (`type`): The class of the model. """ model_name = model_class.__name__ framework = infer_framework(model_class) if framework == "tf": signature = inspect.signature(model_class.call) # TensorFlow models elif framework == "pt": signature = inspect.signature(model_class.forward) # PyTorch models else: signature = inspect.signature(model_class.__call__) # Flax models if "QuestionAnswering" in model_name: return [p for p in signature.parameters if "label" in p or p in ("start_positions", "end_positions")] else: return [p for p in signature.parameters if "label" in p] def flatten_dict(d: MutableMapping, parent_key: str = "", delimiter: str = "."): """Flatten a nested dict into a single level dict.""" def _flatten_dict(d, parent_key="", delimiter="."): for k, v in d.items(): key = str(parent_key) + delimiter + str(k) if parent_key else k if v and isinstance(v, MutableMapping): yield from flatten_dict(v, key, delimiter=delimiter).items() else: yield key, v return dict(_flatten_dict(d, parent_key, delimiter)) @contextmanager def working_or_temp_dir(working_dir, use_temp_dir: bool = False): if use_temp_dir: with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir: yield tmp_dir else: yield working_dir def transpose(array, axes=None): """ Framework-agnostic version of `numpy.transpose` that will work on torch/TensorFlow/Jax tensors as well as NumPy arrays. """ if is_numpy_array(array): return np.transpose(array, axes=axes) elif is_torch_tensor(array): return array.T if axes is None else array.permute(*axes) elif is_tf_tensor(array): import tensorflow as tf return tf.transpose(array, perm=axes) elif is_jax_tensor(array): import jax.numpy as jnp return jnp.transpose(array, axes=axes) else: raise ValueError(f"Type not supported for transpose: {type(array)}.") def reshape(array, newshape): """ Framework-agnostic version of `numpy.reshape` that will work on torch/TensorFlow/Jax tensors as well as NumPy arrays. """ if is_numpy_array(array): return np.reshape(array, newshape) elif is_torch_tensor(array): return array.reshape(*newshape) elif is_tf_tensor(array): import tensorflow as tf return tf.reshape(array, newshape) elif is_jax_tensor(array): import jax.numpy as jnp return jnp.reshape(array, newshape) else: raise ValueError(f"Type not supported for reshape: {type(array)}.") def squeeze(array, axis=None): """ Framework-agnostic version of `numpy.squeeze` that will work on torch/TensorFlow/Jax tensors as well as NumPy arrays. """ if is_numpy_array(array): return np.squeeze(array, axis=axis) elif is_torch_tensor(array): return array.squeeze() if axis is None else array.squeeze(dim=axis) elif is_tf_tensor(array): import tensorflow as tf return tf.squeeze(array, axis=axis) elif is_jax_tensor(array): import jax.numpy as jnp return jnp.squeeze(array, axis=axis) else: raise ValueError(f"Type not supported for squeeze: {type(array)}.") def expand_dims(array, axis): """ Framework-agnostic version of `numpy.expand_dims` that will work on torch/TensorFlow/Jax tensors as well as NumPy arrays. """ if is_numpy_array(array): return np.expand_dims(array, axis) elif is_torch_tensor(array): return array.unsqueeze(dim=axis) elif is_tf_tensor(array): import tensorflow as tf return tf.expand_dims(array, axis=axis) elif is_jax_tensor(array): import jax.numpy as jnp return jnp.expand_dims(array, axis=axis) else: raise ValueError(f"Type not supported for expand_dims: {type(array)}.") def tensor_size(array): """ Framework-agnostic version of `numpy.size` that will work on torch/TensorFlow/Jax tensors as well as NumPy arrays. """ if is_numpy_array(array): return np.size(array) elif is_torch_tensor(array): return array.numel() elif is_tf_tensor(array): import tensorflow as tf return tf.size(array) elif is_jax_tensor(array): return array.size else: raise ValueError(f"Type not supported for tensor_size: {type(array)}.") def infer_framework(model_class): """ Infers the framework of a given model without using isinstance(), because we cannot guarantee that the relevant classes are imported or available. """ for base_class in inspect.getmro(model_class): module = base_class.__module__ name = base_class.__name__ if module.startswith("tensorflow") or module.startswith("keras") or name == "TFPreTrainedModel": return "tf" elif module.startswith("torch") or name == "PreTrainedModel": return "pt" elif module.startswith("flax") or module.startswith("jax") or name == "FlaxPreTrainedModel": return "flax" else: raise TypeError(f"Could not infer framework from class {model_class}.") def torch_int(x): """ Casts an input to a torch int64 tensor if we are in a tracing context, otherwise to a Python int. """ if not is_torch_available(): return int(x) import torch return x.to(torch.int64) if torch.jit.is_tracing() and isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else int(x) def torch_float(x): """ Casts an input to a torch float32 tensor if we are in a tracing context, otherwise to a Python float. """ if not is_torch_available(): return int(x) import torch return x.to(torch.float32) if torch.jit.is_tracing() and isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else int(x) def filter_out_non_signature_kwargs(extra: Optional[list] = None): """ Decorator to filter out named arguments that are not in the function signature. This decorator ensures that only the keyword arguments that match the function's signature, or are specified in the `extra` list, are passed to the function. Any additional keyword arguments are filtered out and a warning is issued. Parameters: extra (`Optional[list]`, *optional*): A list of extra keyword argument names that are allowed even if they are not in the function's signature. Returns: Callable: A decorator that wraps the function and filters out invalid keyword arguments. Example usage: ```python @filter_out_non_signature_kwargs(extra=["allowed_extra_arg"]) def my_function(arg1, arg2, **kwargs): print(arg1, arg2, kwargs) my_function(arg1=1, arg2=2, allowed_extra_arg=3, invalid_arg=4) # This will print: 1 2 {"allowed_extra_arg": 3} # And issue a warning: "The following named arguments are not valid for `my_function` and were ignored: 'invalid_arg'" ``` """ extra = extra or [] extra_params_to_pass = set(extra) def decorator(func): sig = inspect.signature(func) function_named_args = set(sig.parameters.keys()) valid_kwargs_to_pass = function_named_args.union(extra_params_to_pass) # Required for better warning message is_instance_method = "self" in function_named_args is_class_method = "cls" in function_named_args # Mark function as decorated func._filter_out_non_signature_kwargs = True @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): valid_kwargs = {} invalid_kwargs = {} for k, v in kwargs.items(): if k in valid_kwargs_to_pass: valid_kwargs[k] = v else: invalid_kwargs[k] = v if invalid_kwargs: invalid_kwargs_names = [f"'{k}'" for k in invalid_kwargs] invalid_kwargs_names = ", ".join(invalid_kwargs_names) # Get the class name for better warning message if is_instance_method: cls_prefix = args[0].__class__.__name__ + "." elif is_class_method: cls_prefix = args[0].__name__ + "." else: cls_prefix = "" warnings.warn( f"The following named arguments are not valid for `{cls_prefix}{func.__name__}`" f" and were ignored: {invalid_kwargs_names}", UserWarning, stacklevel=2, ) return func(*args, **valid_kwargs) return wrapper return decorator class TransformersKwargs(TypedDict, total=False): """ Keyword arguments to be passed to the loss function Attributes: num_items_in_batch (`Optional[torch.Tensor]`, *optional*): Number of items in the batch. It is recommended to pass it when you are doing gradient accumulation. output_hidden_states (`Optional[bool]`, *optional*): Most of the models support outputing all hidden states computed during the forward pass. output_attentions (`Optional[bool]`, *optional*): Turn this on to return the intermediary attention scores. output_router_logits (`Optional[bool]`, *optional*): For MoE models, this allows returning the router logits to compute the loss. cumulative_seqlens_q (`torch.LongTensor`, *optional*) Gets cumulative sequence length for query state. cumulative_seqlens_k (`torch.LongTensor`, *optional*) Gets cumulative sequence length for key state. max_length_q (`int`, *optional*): Maximum sequence length for query state. max_length_k (`int`, *optional*): Maximum sequence length for key state. """ num_items_in_batch: Optional["torch.Tensor"] output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] output_attentions: Optional[bool] output_router_logits: Optional[bool] cumulative_seqlens_q: Optional["torch.LongTensor"] cumulative_seqlens_k: Optional["torch.LongTensor"] max_length_q: Optional[int] max_length_k: Optional[int] def is_timm_config_dict(config_dict: dict[str, Any]) -> bool: """Checks whether a config dict is a timm config dict.""" return "pretrained_cfg" in config_dict def is_timm_local_checkpoint(pretrained_model_path: str) -> bool: """ Checks whether a checkpoint is a timm model checkpoint. """ if pretrained_model_path is None: return False # in case it's Path, not str pretrained_model_path = str(pretrained_model_path) is_file = os.path.isfile(pretrained_model_path) is_dir = os.path.isdir(pretrained_model_path) # pretrained_model_path is a file if is_file and pretrained_model_path.endswith(".json"): with open(pretrained_model_path) as f: config_dict = json.load(f) return is_timm_config_dict(config_dict) # pretrained_model_path is a directory with a config.json if is_dir and os.path.exists(os.path.join(pretrained_model_path, "config.json")): with open(os.path.join(pretrained_model_path, "config.json")) as f: config_dict = json.load(f) return is_timm_config_dict(config_dict) return False def set_attribute_for_modules(module: "torch.nn.Module", key: str, value: Any): """ Set a value to a module and all submodules. """ setattr(module, key, value) for submodule in module.children(): set_attribute_for_modules(submodule, key, value) def del_attribute_from_modules(module: "torch.nn.Module", key: str): """ Delete a value from a module and all submodules. """ # because we might remove it previously in case it's a shared module, e.g. activation function if hasattr(module, key): delattr(module, key) for submodule in module.children(): del_attribute_from_modules(submodule, key) def can_return_tuple(func): """ Decorator to wrap model method, to call output.to_tuple() if return_dict=False passed as a kwarg or use_return_dict=False is set in the config. Note: output.to_tuple() convert output to tuple skipping all `None` values. """ @wraps(func) def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs): return_dict = self.config.return_dict if hasattr(self, "config") else True return_dict_passed = kwargs.pop("return_dict", return_dict) if return_dict_passed is not None: return_dict = return_dict_passed output = func(self, *args, **kwargs) if not return_dict and not isinstance(output, tuple): output = output.to_tuple() return output return wrapper # if is_torch_available(): # @torch._dynamo.disable @dataclass @requires(backends=("torch",)) class OutputRecorder: """ Configuration for recording outputs from a model via hooks. Attributes: target_class (Type): The class (e.g., nn.Module) to which the hook will be attached. index (Optional[int]): If the output is a tuple/list, optionally record only at a specific index. layer_name (Optional[str]): Name of the submodule to target (if needed), e.g., "transformer.layer.3.attn". class_name (Optional[str]): Name of the class to which the hook will be attached. Could be the suffix of class name in some cases. """ target_class: "type[torch.nn.Module]" index: Optional[int] = 0 layer_name: Optional[str] = None class_name: Optional[str] = None def check_model_inputs(func): """ Decorator to intercept specific layer outputs without using hooks. Compatible with torch.compile (Dynamo tracing). """ @wraps(func) def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs): use_cache = kwargs.get("use_cache") if use_cache is None: use_cache = getattr(self.config, "use_cache", False) return_dict = kwargs.pop("return_dict", None) if return_dict is None: return_dict = getattr(self.config, "return_dict", True) if getattr(self, "gradient_checkpointing", False) and self.training and use_cache: logger.warning_once( "`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`." ) use_cache = False kwargs["use_cache"] = use_cache all_args = kwargs.copy() if "kwargs" in all_args: for k, v in all_args["kwargs"].items(): all_args[k] = v capture_flags = _CAN_RECORD_REGISTRY.get(str(self.__class__), {}) # there is a weak ref for executorch recordable_keys = { f"output_{k}": all_args.get( f"output_{k}", getattr( self.config, f"output_{k}", all_args.get("output_attentions", getattr(self.config, "output_attentions", False)), ), ) for k in capture_flags } collected_outputs = defaultdict(tuple) monkey_patched_layers = [] def make_capture_wrapper(module, orig_forward, key, index): @wraps(orig_forward) def wrapped_forward(*args, **kwargs): if key == "hidden_states" and len(collected_outputs[key]) == 0: collected_outputs[key] += (args[0],) if kwargs.get("debug_io", False): with model_addition_debugger_context( module, kwargs.get("debug_io_dir", "~/model_debug"), kwargs.get("prune_layers") ): output = orig_forward(*args, **kwargs) else: output = orig_forward(*args, **kwargs) if not isinstance(output, tuple): collected_outputs[key] += (output,) elif output[index] is not None: if key not in collected_outputs: collected_outputs[key] = (output[index],) else: collected_outputs[key] += (output[index],) return output return wrapped_forward if any(recordable_keys.values()): capture_tasks = [] for key, layer_specs in capture_flags.items(): if not recordable_keys.get(f"output_{key}", False): continue if not isinstance(layer_specs, list): layer_specs = [layer_specs] for specs in layer_specs: if not isinstance(specs, OutputRecorder): index = 0 if "hidden_states" in key else 1 class_name = None if not isinstance(specs, str) else specs target_class = specs if not isinstance(specs, str) else None specs = OutputRecorder(target_class=target_class, index=index, class_name=class_name) capture_tasks.append((key, specs)) for name, module in self.named_modules(): for key, specs in capture_tasks: # The second check is for multimodals where only backbone layer suffix is available if (specs.target_class is not None and isinstance(module, specs.target_class)) or ( specs.class_name is not None and name.endswith(specs.class_name) ): if specs.layer_name is not None and specs.layer_name not in name: continue # Monkey patch forward original_forward = module.forward module.forward = make_capture_wrapper(module, original_forward, key, specs.index) monkey_patched_layers.append((module, original_forward)) outputs = func(self, *args, **kwargs) # Restore original forward methods for module, original_forward in monkey_patched_layers: module.forward = original_forward # Inject collected outputs into model output for key in collected_outputs: if key == "hidden_states": collected_outputs[key] = collected_outputs[key][:-1] if hasattr(outputs, "vision_hidden_states"): collected_outputs[key] += (outputs.vision_hidden_states,) elif hasattr(outputs, "last_hidden_state"): collected_outputs[key] += (outputs.last_hidden_state,) outputs[key] = collected_outputs[key] elif key == "attentions": if isinstance(capture_flags[key], list) and len(capture_flags[key]) == 2: outputs[key] = collected_outputs[key][0::2] outputs["cross_" + key] = collected_outputs[key][1::2] else: outputs[key] = collected_outputs[key] else: outputs[key] = collected_outputs[key] if return_dict is False: outputs = outputs.to_tuple() return outputs return wrapper class GeneralInterface(MutableMapping): """ Dict-like object keeping track of a class-wide mapping, as well as a local one. Allows to have library-wide modifications though the class mapping, as well as local modifications in a single file with the local mapping. """ # Class instance object, so that a call to `register` can be reflected into all other files correctly, even if # a new instance is created (in order to locally override a given function) _global_mapping = {} def __init__(self): self._local_mapping = {} def __getitem__(self, key): # First check if instance has a local override if key in self._local_mapping: return self._local_mapping[key] return self._global_mapping[key] def __setitem__(self, key, value): # Allow local update of the default functions without impacting other instances self._local_mapping.update({key: value}) def __delitem__(self, key): del self._local_mapping[key] def __iter__(self): # Ensure we use all keys, with the overwritten ones on top return iter({**self._global_mapping, **self._local_mapping}) def __len__(self): return len(self._global_mapping.keys() | self._local_mapping.keys()) @classmethod def register(cls, key: str, value: Callable): cls._global_mapping.update({key: value}) def valid_keys(self) -> list[str]: return list(self.keys())
08-08
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