fault tolerance中的错误和故障检测(Error and Fault Detection Mechanisms)

本文探讨了错误检测机制的分类及其在内存和电路层面的应用。介绍了硬错误和软错误的区别,软错误又分为瞬态错误和间歇性错误,并讨论了如何利用ECC等技术提高系统的可靠性。

这里的介绍来自论文Survey of Error and Fault Detection Mechanisms

下面这张图来自论文,反映了当今关于错误检测机制(Error Detection Mechanisms)的研究方向和分类:



ERROR:

error分为hard error(硬错误)和soft error(软错误)。hard error一般为制造和设计缺陷,而关于soft error,有两个来源:

1)高能粒子造成单粒子翻转(single event upset SEU),以及晶体管工作电压的减小降低了集成电路噪声容限从而使芯片更易受瞬态故障影响,我们称之为transient error(瞬态错误)

2)制造和运行过程中的variations带来的temporal timing violations,我们称之为intermittent error(间歇性错误)

其实,间歇性错误表现为瞬态错误的发生频率超过系统可靠性允许阈值范围。


内存中的检测机制

由于我们的程序和OS常驻内存(包括L1 cache和L2 cache),因此内存出错是让程序和系统不可靠的重要原因,比如指令序列被破坏。常用的解决内存错误的机制是使用ECC(error checking and correcting,错误检查和纠正)码。


电路级(circuit-level)是如何应对上面两种错误(transient error 和 intermittent error)

在高辐射环境(high-radiation environments),有一种fault-tolerant电路叫hardened circuit(抗辐射集成电路),以及通过监测合闸电流和供电电压来判断是否有意外事件的电路监控技术(circuit monitoring),都是来检测和应对transient error的技术。

由variation引发的间歇性timing errors属于intermittent error,Tunable Replica Circuits、Razor Flip-Flops、Transition Detectors和Temporal Redundancy是解决它的方法。

另外,三模冗余TMR(Triple ModularRedundancy)也是从电路架构的角度发现错误的一种方法,输入信号由完全相同的三个模块分别独立处理,每个模块产生一个运行结果交给决策器,由决策器判断并输出结果,但缺点是只能发现单个模块错误且没有重构策略来修复错误模块。

以三模冗余为代表的技术属于fault tolerance常用的技术——冗余技术,是能检测并纠正错误和故障的有效方法。其实上面应用于内存中的ECC,以及常用的奇偶校验码Parity,属于冗余技术中的信息冗余,相比于硬件冗余的大开销,它仅需要少量额外的存储字节和计算开销或少量的额外编码电路即可。



### PV Verification Text Meaning in IT Security Context In the context of IT security, particularly within protocols and algorithms designed for ensuring integrity and authenticity, **PV (Proof of Validity)** verification text refers to data or metadata used specifically to validate the correctness and legitimacy of certain operations or transactions[^1]. This concept can be extended into various areas such as cybersecurity measures implemented by small and medium enterprises where maintaining data integrity against potential threats is crucial. For instance, when discussing blockchain technology like Tendermint, which employs Byzantine Fault Tolerance with Accountability (BFT-ABC), the idea of proof mechanisms becomes even more critical. Here, PV verification texts might include cryptographic signatures or hashes that serve as evidence confirming the validity of blocks added to the chain without any tampering or unauthorized changes[^2]. The process typically involves generating these proofs alongside actual transactional content so they can later undergo scrutiny through predefined rulesets or consensus processes among network participants. In this way, systems relying on PV verifications ensure not only operational efficiency but also robustness against attacks aiming at compromising system reliability. ```python def verify_pv(text, signature, public_key): """ Verifies Proof of Validity using provided parameters. Args: text (str): The original message or document needing validation. signature (bytes): Digital signature associated with 'text'. public_key (object): Public key object corresponding to private key used during signing phase. Returns: bool: True if valid; False otherwise. """ try: # Assuming use of RSA algorithm here for demonstration purposes from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA from Crypto.Signature.pkcs1_15 import PKCS1_v1_5 verifier = PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key) hash_value = SHA256.new(text.encode()) result = verifier.verify(hash_value, signature) return result except Exception as e: print(f"Verification failed due to error: {e}") return False ```
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值