13、RBDT - 1:一种基于规则的新型决策树生成技术

RBDT-1:基于规则的决策树生成

RBDT - 1:一种基于规则的新型决策树生成技术

1. 引言

在决策树生成领域,常见的方法是基于数据集实例来创建决策树,这类方法被称为基于数据的决策树方法。在这些方法中,属性选择标准是关键特性,用于挑选最适合分配给决策树节点的属性,例如熵减、基尼多样性指数等。

与之相对,从规则生成决策树的方法(基于规则的决策树方法)在文献中相对较少。决策树在数据集稳定时能有效指导决策过程,但当数据发生显著变化时,基于数据的决策树方法需要对决策树进行重构,然而决策树一旦构建完成就难以操作和重构,因为它是一种程序性知识表示,对树中属性的评估顺序有严格要求。

而基于规则的决策树方法则通过数据诱导出的规则来处理数据的操作,规则作为声明性表示,没有规则评估顺序的限制,更易于修改和适应不同情况。并且,从决策规则生成决策结构可能比从训练示例生成更快,因为每个决策类的决策规则数量通常远小于训练示例数量,这使得该过程可以按需进行而无明显延迟。同时,基于规则的决策树方法还可以通过将每个示例视为规则来生成决策树,而当只有专家提供的规则而无数据时,基于规则的决策树方法是唯一可行的解决方案。

本文提出了一种名为RBDT - 1的基于规则的决策树新方法,该方法按顺序使用属性有效性(AE)、属性自主性(AA)和最小值分布(MVD)三个不同标准来确定树中每个节点的最佳属性。

2. 相关工作

目前,从声明性规则创建决策结构的已发表工作较少。以下是几种相关方法的介绍:
- AQDT - 1方法 :这是文献中首次提出的从决策规则创建决策树的方法,使用成本1、不相交性、优势和范围四个标准按指定顺序选择树中每个节点的合适属性

procedure TForm1.OpenData2Click(Sender: TObject); var lcFileName:string; lcWid,lcHei,lcSlice,lcDS3,lcEcho,lcExps: Integer; lcErrorCode: LongWord; lcExt: string; lcFileName2: PChar; lcWindowWid,lcWindowLevel:Integer; lcPixeSpace: Double; lcDataBuffer,lcRawData: PByte; i: Integer; lcNormalData: PSingle; lcdata,lcData_Show:PRBDT; FileHandle: Integer; lcDataBuffer1,lcData_Zomm: PSingle; begin GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= False; GL_rad:= 0; if dOpen1.Execute then lcFileName:= dOpen1.FileName else Exit; lcExt:= ExtractFileExt(lcFileName); GetMem(GL_RawData2,C_NumX*C_NumY*C_Slice*2*sizeof(PMRDDT)); if GL_BitMap <> nil then GL_BitMap.Destroy(); GL_BitMap:= TBitmap.Create(); m1.Clear; if Trim(lcExt) = '.MRD' then begin lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_01_MRDReadDate(lcFileName,lcWid,lcHei,lcSlice,lcDS3,lcEcho,lcExps,GL_RawData2); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Can not open data: '+ IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_01_MRDReadDate -> ' + 'Can not open MRD data: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end else begin m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Open Data Done') ; m1.Lines.Add('Data_Wid: ' + IntToStr(lcWid)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Hei: ' + IntToStr(lcHei)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Slice: ' + IntToStr(lcSlice)); GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= True; GL_Width2:= lcWid; GL_Height2:= lcHei; GL_Slice2:= lcSlice; if lcSlice > 1 then begin ud2.Enabled:= True; ud2.Max:= lcSlice; end; stat1.Panels[0].Text:= 'Open Path: ' + lcFileName; end; end else if Trim(lcExt) = '.RIIMAGE' then begin lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_02_RIReadDate(lcFileName,lcWid,lcHei,lcSlice,GL_RawData2); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Can not open data: '+ IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_02_RIReadDate -> ' + 'Can not open RIIMAGE data: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end else begin m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Open Data Done') ; m1.Lines.Add('Data_Wid: ' + IntToStr(lcWid)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Hei: ' + IntToStr(lcHei)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Slice: ' + IntToStr(lcSlice)); GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= True; GL_Width2:= lcWid; GL_Height2:= lcHei; GL_Slice2:= lcSlice; if lcSlice > 1 then begin ud2.Enabled:= True; ud2.Max:= lcSlice; end; stat1.Panels[0].Text:= lcFileName; end; end else if (Trim(lcExt) = '.dcm') and (dOpen1.FilterIndex = 2) then begin lcFileName2:= PChar(lcFileName); GetMem(lcDataBuffer,512*512*2*sizeof(Byte)); GetMem(lcRawData,512*512*sizeof(Byte)); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_09_DcmRead(lcFileName2,lcWid,lcHei,lcWindowWid,lcWindowLevel,lcPixeSpace,lcDataBuffer,lcRawData); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: Can not Open Diocm Data'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_09_DcmRead -> ' + 'Can not open Diocm data: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Open Data Done') ; m1.Lines.Add('Data_Wid: ' + IntToStr(lcWid)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Hei: ' + IntToStr(lcHei)); GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= True; ud2.Enabled:= False; ud2.Max:= 1; edt2.Text:= '1'; stat1.Panels[0].Text:= lcFileName; // m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcRawData^)); GetMem(GL_DcmData,lcWid*lcHei*sizeof(Single)); // GetMem(GL_DcmData1,lcWid*lcHei*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(GL_DcmBuffer,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(GL_DcmShowData,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(PRBDT)); inc(lcDataBuffer); for i:= 0 to lcWid*lcHei - 1 do begin GL_DcmData^:= (lcRawData^) + 256*(lcDataBuffer^); inc(GL_DcmData); inc(lcRawData); inc(lcDataBuffer,2); end; inc(GL_DcmData,-lcWid*lcHei); inc(lcRawData,-lcWid*lcHei); inc(lcDataBuffer,-2*lcWid*lcHei - 1); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_04_ZoomData(GL_DcmData,GL_DcmBuffer,lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,1); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: ZoomData'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_04_ZoomData -> ' + 'Zoom Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; //m1.Lines.Add(FloatToStr(GL_DcmBuffer^)); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_05_Normalize(GL_DcmBuffer,lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height,C_FormatSize); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: Normalize'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_05_Normalize -> ' + 'Normalize Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; // m1.Lines.Add(FloatToStr(lcNormalData^)); for i:= 0 to img2.Width*img2.Height - 1 do begin GL_DcmShowData^:= Round(lcNormalData^); inc(GL_DcmShowData); inc(lcNormalData); end; inc(GL_DcmShowData,-img2.Width*img2.Height); inc(lcNormalData,-img2.Width*img2.Height); // m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcShowData^)); Test[1]:= TDataClassCreate(lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,True); // 重建类的初始化 lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_14_SetShowBuffer(GL_DcmShowData); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)) ; GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_14_SetShowBuffer -> ' + 'SetShow Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_07_ShowImg(Test[1].TData_01_GetShowBuffer(),GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[1],GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[1],GL_BitMap,img2); // 显示图像 if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_07_ShowImg -> ' + 'Show Image Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; FreeMem(lcRawData); FreeMem(lcDataBuffer); FreeMem(GL_DcmShowData); FreeMem(GL_DcmData); FreeMem(GL_DcmBuffer); FreeMem(lcNormalData); end else if (Trim(lcExt) = '.dcm') and (dOpen1.FilterIndex = 1) then begin lcFileName2:= PChar(lcFileName); GetMem(lcDataBuffer,512*512*2*sizeof(Byte)); GetMem(lcRawData,512*512*sizeof(Byte)); // lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_09_DcmRead(lcFileName2,lcWid,lcHei,lcWindowWid,lcWindowLevel,lcPixeSpace,lcDataBuffer,lcRawData); lcErrorCode:= DcmRead(lcFileName,lcWid,lcHei,lcRawData); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: Can not Open Diocm Data'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' DcmRead -> ' + 'Can not Open HRDiocm Data: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Open Data Done') ; m1.Lines.Add('Data_Wid: ' + IntToStr(lcWid)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Hei: ' + IntToStr(lcHei)); GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= True; ud1.Enabled:= False; ud1.Max:= 1; edt1.Text:= '1'; stat1.Panels[0].Text:= lcFileName; // m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcRawData^)); GetMem(GL_DcmData,lcWid*lcHei*sizeof(Single)); // GetMem(GL_DcmData1,lcWid*lcHei*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(GL_DcmBuffer,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(GL_DcmShowData,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(PRBDT)); // inc(lcDataBuffer); for i:= 0 to lcWid*lcHei - 1 do begin // GL_DcmData^:= (lcRawData^) + 256*(lcDataBuffer^); GL_DcmData^:= (lcRawData^); inc(GL_DcmData); inc(lcRawData); // inc(lcDataBuffer,2); end; inc(GL_DcmData,-lcWid*lcHei); inc(lcRawData,-lcWid*lcHei); // inc(lcDataBuffer,-2*lcWid*lcHei - 1); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_04_ZoomData(GL_DcmData,GL_DcmBuffer,lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,1); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: ZoomData'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_04_ZoomData -> ' + 'Zoom Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; //m1.Lines.Add(FloatToStr(GL_DcmBuffer^)); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_05_Normalize(GL_DcmBuffer,lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height,C_FormatSize); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: Normalize'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' HRIMG_05_Normalize -> ' + 'Normalize Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; // m1.Lines.Add(FloatToStr(lcNormalData^)); for i:= 0 to img2.Width*img2.Height - 1 do begin GL_DcmShowData^:= Round(lcNormalData^); inc(GL_DcmShowData); inc(lcNormalData); end; inc(GL_DcmShowData,-img2.Width*img2.Height); inc(lcNormalData,-img2.Width*img2.Height); // m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcShowData^)); Test[1]:= TDataClassCreate(lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,True); // 重建类的初始化 lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_14_SetShowBuffer(GL_DcmShowData); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)) ; GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_14_SetShowBuffer -> ' + 'SetShow Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_07_ShowImg(Test[1].TData_01_GetShowBuffer(),GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[1],GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[1],GL_BitMap,img2); // 显示图像 if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_07_ShowImg -> ' + 'Show Image Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; //ccx 20240314 增加窗宽窗位 (*img1.Repaint; lcStr:= Format('WW: %d',[GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[0]]); Img1.Canvas.TextOut(180, 220, lcStr); lcStr:= Format('WL: %d',[GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[0]]); Img1.Canvas.TextOut(180, 240, lcStr);*) stat1.Panels[1].Text:= Format(' WW %d , WL %d',[GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[1],GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[1]]); //ccx 20240314 增加窗宽窗位 FreeMem(lcRawData); FreeMem(lcDataBuffer); FreeMem(GL_DcmShowData); FreeMem(GL_DcmData); FreeMem(GL_DcmBuffer); FreeMem(lcNormalData); end else if (Trim(lcExt) = '.Rdat') then begin FileHandle:= FileOpen(lcFileName,fmOpenRead); if FileHandle < 0 then begin ShowMessage('Open File Failed!'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' FileOpen -> ' + 'Open Rdat File Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,FileHandle); Exit; end; // m1.Lines.Add(lcFileName); try FileSeek(FileHandle,0,0); FileRead(FileHandle,lcWid,SizeOf(lcWid)); FileRead(FileHandle,lcHei,SizeOf(lcHei)); GetMem(lcDataBuffer1,lcWid*lcHei*Sizeof(Single)); FileRead(FileHandle,lcDataBuffer1^,lcWid*lcHei*Sizeof(Single)); FileClose(FileHandle); m1.Lines.Add('Data Info:'); m1.Lines.Add('Open Data Done') ; m1.Lines.Add('Data_Wid: ' + IntToStr(lcWid)); m1.Lines.Add('Data_Hei: ' + IntToStr(lcHei)); GL_PnlImgInfo.LoadImg[1]:= True; ud2.Enabled:= False; ud2.Max:= 1; edt2.Text:= '1'; stat1.Panels[0].Text:= lcFileName; GetMem(lcData_Zomm,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); GetMem(lcData_Show,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(PRBDT)); GetMem(lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height*sizeof(Single)); { lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_04_ZoomData(lcDataBuffer1,lcData_Zomm,lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,1); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: ZoomData'); Exit; end; //m1.Lines.Add(FloatToStr(GL_DcmBuffer^)); lcErrorCode:= HRIMG_05_Normalize(lcData_Zomm,lcNormalData,img2.Width*img2.Height,C_FormatSize); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add('Error: Normalize'); Exit; end; } for i:= 0 to img1.Width*img1.Height - 1 do begin lcData_Show^:= Round(lcDataBuffer1^); inc(lcData_Show); inc(lcDataBuffer1); end; inc(lcData_Show,-img2.Width*img2.Height); inc(lcDataBuffer1,-img2.Width*img2.Height); // m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcShowData^)); Test[1]:= TDataClassCreate(lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,True); // 重建类的初始化 lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_14_SetShowBuffer(lcData_Show); if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)) ; GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_14_SetShowBuffer -> ' + 'SetShow Data Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_07_ShowImg(Test[1].TData_01_GetShowBuffer(),GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[1],GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[1],GL_BitMap,img2); // 显示图像 if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_07_ShowImg -> ' + 'Show Image Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; FreeMem(lcDataBuffer1); FreeMem(lcData_Show); FreeMem(lcData_Zomm); FreeMem(lcNormalData); except ShowMessage('Open Image Failed !'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' Nil -> ' + 'Open Image Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,03); Exit; end; end else begin ShowMessage('Data Type Error'); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' Nil -> ' + 'Data Type Error: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,04); Exit; end; if (Trim(lcExt) = '.MRD') or (Trim(lcExt) = '.RIIMAGE') then begin GetMem(GL_SinleSlice_Data,lcWid*lcHei*2*sizeof(PMRDDT)); CopyMemory(GL_SinleSlice_Data,GL_RawData2,lcWid*lcHei*2*sizeof(PMRDDT)); // 拷贝一层的数据 Test[1]:= TDataClassCreate(lcWid,lcHei,img2.Width,img2.Height,True); // 重建类的初始化 Test[1].TData_03_SetMRDBuffer(GL_SinleSlice_Data); // 数据传递 Test[1].TData_09_Build(); // 数据重建 lcErrorCode:= Test[1].TData_07_ShowImg(Test[1].TData_01_GetShowBuffer(),GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowCenter[1],GL_PnlImgInfo.WindowWidth[1],GL_BitMap,img2); // 显示图像 if lcErrorCode <> 0 then begin m1.Lines.Add(IntToStr(lcErrorCode)); GL_ErrorInfo:= 'OpenData2Click ->' + ' TData_07_ShowImg -> ' + 'Show Image Failed: '; WriteLog(GL_ErrorInfo,lcErrorCode); Exit; end; //FreeMem(GL_RawData,C_NumX*C_NumY*C_Slice*2*sizeof(PMRDDT)); // 释放内存 FreeMem(GL_SinleSlice_Data,lcWid*lcHei*2*sizeof(PMRDDT)); end; end; 逐行解释代码
11-08
内容概要:本文围绕“基于数据驱动的 Koopman 算子的递归神经网络模型线性化,用于纳米定位系统的预测控制研究”展开,提出了一种结合Koopman算子理论与递归神经网络(RNN)的数据驱动建模方法,旨在对非线性纳米定位系统进行有效线性化建模,并实现高精度的模型预测控制(MPC)。该方法利用Koopman算子将非线性系统映射到高维线性空间,通过递归神经网络学习系统的动态演化规律,构建可解释性强、计算效率高的线性化模型,进而提升预测控制在复杂不确定性环境下的鲁棒性与跟踪精度。文中给出了完整的Matlab代码实现,涵盖数据预处理、网络训练、模型验证与MPC控制器设计等环节,具有较强的基于数据驱动的 Koopman 算子的递归神经网络模型线性化,用于纳米定位系统的预测控制研究(Matlab代码实现)可复现性和工程应用价值。; 适合人群:具备一定控制理论基础和Matlab编程能力的研究生、科研人员及自动化、精密仪器、机器人等方向的工程技术人员。; 使用场景及目标:①解决高精度纳米定位系统中非线性动态响应带来的控制难题;②实现复杂机电系统的数据驱动建模与预测控制一体化设计;③为非线性系统控制提供一种可替代传统机理建模的有效工具。; 阅读建议:建议结合提供的Matlab代码逐模块分析实现流程,重点关注Koopman观测矩阵构造、RNN网络结构设计与MPC控制器耦合机制,同时可通过替换实际系统数据进行迁移验证,深化对数据驱动控制方法的理解与应用能力。
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