17、MAC算法:原理、应用与安全保障

MAC算法:原理、应用与安全保障

1. 电子信息安全与认证技术概述

在当今数字化时代,电子信息在计算机中存储、处理,并通过通信网络进行传输。然而,这些信息面临着被动和主动攻击的威胁。被动攻击中,攻击者试图获取传输数据的信息;而在主动攻击中,攻击者会尝试修改信息本身、声称的发送者和/或预期的接收者。

信息认证的加密技术主要关注数据的来源(数据来源认证)和数据的完整性,即数据未被修改。此外,及时性、与其他消息的顺序关系以及预期接收者等方面也很重要。信息认证在金融交易和电子商务领域尤为关键,同时在报警系统、卫星控制系统、分布式控制系统和访问控制系统等应用中也发挥着重要作用。未来,语音和视频的认证将变得越来越重要。

信息认证主要有三种机制:MAC算法(Message Authentication Code,消息认证码)、认证码和数字签名。前两种机制基于发送者和接收者之间共享的密钥。这意味着,如果发送者使用MAC算法或认证码对消息进行认证,随后又否认这一行为,由于接收者也可以进行同样的操作,因此无法证明是发送者进行了认证。从技术角度来看,MAC算法和认证码无法提供来源不可否认性。

MAC算法具有计算安全性,其安全的一个必要(但不充分)条件是攻击者的计算能力有限。认证码是组合对象,可以精确计算攻击成功的概率,且该概率与攻击者的计算能力无关。数字签名由W. Diffie和M. Hellman在1976年提出,能够以不可辩驳的方式确定数字信息的来源和内容。作为一种非对称加密技术,数字签名可以解决通信双方之间的纠纷。

2. MAC算法的应用与优缺点

MAC算法在银行业中已经使用了很长时间,早于20世纪70年代中期开始的密码学公开研究。不

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深度学习工具包Deprecation notice.-----This toolbox is outdated and no longer maintained.There are much better tools available for deep learning than this toolbox, e.g. [Theano](http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/), [torch](http://torch.ch/) or [tensorflow](http://www.tensorflow.org/)I would suggest you use one of the tools mentioned above rather than use this toolbox.Best, Rasmus.DeepLearnToolbox================A Matlab toolbox for Deep Learning.Deep Learning is a new subfield of machine learning that focuses on learning deep hierarchical models of data.It is inspired by the human brain's apparent deep (layered, hierarchical) architecture.A good overview of the theory of Deep Learning theory is[Learning Deep Architectures for AI](http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/papers/ftml_book.pdf)For a more informal introduction, see the following videos by Geoffrey Hinton and Andrew Ng.* [The Next Generation of Neural Networks](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyzOUbkUf3M) (Hinton, 2007)* [Recent Developments in Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdIURAu1-aU) (Hinton, 2010)* [Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmNOAtZIgIk) (Ng, 2011)If you use this toolbox in your research please cite [Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data](http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/publication_details.php?id=6284)```@MASTERSTHESIS\{IMM2012-06284, author = "R. 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nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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