Reading Notes on NS2(5)

本文介绍了NS模拟器的学习方法及入门技巧,强调掌握原理、熟悉节点结构的重要性,并提供了运行NS和nam的基本步骤及首个Tcl脚本示例。

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(一)NS方法学

 

NS的优势在于它的内容非常丰富,但同时,这也是它的劣势。它是一个庞大的系统,有一个相对陡峭的起始学习曲线。也就是说初学者在入门时面临的困难最大。所以掌握正确的方法,具备正确的观念,对于学习NS来说尤为重要。

(1)掌握原理。
NS使用者应该做到对NS的离散事件模拟机制以及分裂对象模型非常清楚。这是进一步深入学习和使用NS的基础。

(2)牢记节点结构。
节点是NS中最重要的一个构件。一个节点是由分类器、复用器、代理、链路等更基本的构件组合而成的。有线网络节点和无线网络节点的结构时不同的。不同节点用链路连接起来,就构成了网络,因此使用者应该对节点结构非常熟悉。这样,用户对整个网络模拟运行过程就会比较清楚,也会知道需要添加的功能该在哪部分实现。

(3)学会查手册但不依赖于手册。
NS手册有一些不足之处,但是它仍然是目前关于NS的最全面的资料。当用户具备了一定的基础之后,再去查看NS手册,就会发现从中还是可以学到很多东西的。用户可以看到从开发者的角度对用户所感兴趣的构件的内部原理是怎样理解的。至于具体的编程接口,不应该依赖于手册上的说明,在很多情况下应该去直接查看源代码。这样就会对各个对象之间相互的接口关系非常 清楚了。

(4)用户应该对主要的网络构件的功能都有所了解。
当需要实现用户自己的网络模拟模型时,就会知道哪部分可以利用现成的,而哪部分是需要自己做的,以及放在哪里实现最合适。这样才不会走弯路,才能设计出工作量最少的、最合理的模拟方案。

(5)常看源代码。
NS是开放源代码的软件。用户应该经常地深入到NS的源代码中去,包括其他研究者贡献的源代码和脚本。这是深入学习NS的必由之路。特别是当用户扩展NS,实现新的协议模块时,用户可以从NS本身的源代码以及其他研究者的贡献中借鉴很多经验。

 

(二)运行NS和nam以及第一个Tcl脚本

 

[1] 运行NS
运行NS有两种方式:
(1)输入命令“ns <tclscript>”,其中<tclscript>是一个Tcl脚本文件的名字,在这个文件中定义了整个模拟的过程,包括网络的拓扑结构以 及数据的收发过程等内容。
(2)输入命令“ns”,进入NS的命令行环境,然后直接输入各种指令来交互式的运行NS。

[2] 运行nam
nam是一个动画演示程序,它可以演示整个模拟的过程。nam的动画是按照nam-trace文件的内容进行的,nam-trace文件中记录了整个模拟过程的各个细节,由NS在执行模拟的同时产生,在NS的模拟过程结束后,nam就可以调用nam-trace文件来演示模拟的过程。

[3] 第一个Tcl脚本
新建一个名为example.tcl的文件,可以用任何一个文本编辑器对它进行编辑。下面是example.tcl的内容:

The Network Simulator, Version 3 -------------------------------- Table of Contents: ------------------ 1) An overview 2) Building ns-3 3) Running ns-3 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 Note: Much more substantial information about ns-3 can be found at http://www.nsnam.org 1) An Open Source project ------------------------- ns-3 is a free open source project aiming to build a discrete-event network simulator targeted for simulation research and education. This is a collaborative project; we hope that the missing pieces of the models we have not yet implemented will be contributed by the community in an open collaboration process. The process of contributing to the ns-3 project varies with the people involved, the amount of time they can invest and the type of model they want to work on, but the current process that the project tries to follow is described here: http://www.nsnam.org/developers/contributing-code/ This README excerpts some details from a more extensive tutorial that is maintained at: http://www.nsnam.org/documentation/latest/ 2) Building ns-3 ---------------- The code for the framework and the default models provided by ns-3 is built as a set of libraries. User simulations are expected to be written as simple programs that make use of these ns-3 libraries. To build the set of default libraries and the example programs included in this package, you need to use the tool 'waf'. Detailed information on how use waf is included in the file doc/build.txt However, the real quick and dirty way to get started is to type the command ./waf configure --enable-examples followed by ./waf in the the directory which contains this README file. The files built will be copied in the build/ directory. The current codebase is expected to build and run on the set of platforms listed in the RELEASE_NOTES file. Other platforms may or may not work: we welcome patches to improve the portability of the code to these other platforms. 3) Running ns-3 --------------- On recent Linux systems, once you have built ns-3 (with examples enabled), it should be easy to run the sample programs with the following command, such as: ./waf --run simple-global-routing That program should generate a simple-global-routing.tr text trace file and a set of simple-global-routing-xx-xx.pcap binary pcap trace files, which can be read by tcpdump -tt -r filename.pcap The program source can be found in the examples/routing directory. 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation ------------------------------------------- Once you have verified that your build of ns-3 works by running the simple-point-to-point example as outlined in 4) above, it is quite likely that you will want to get started on reading some ns-3 documentation. All of that documentation should always be available from the ns-3 website: http:://www.nsnam.org/documentation/. This documentation includes: - a tutorial - a reference manual - models in the ns-3 model library - a wiki for user-contributed tips: http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/ - API documentation generated using doxygen: this is a reference manual, most likely not very well suited as introductory text: http://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/index.html 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 ----------------------------------------------- If you want to download and use the development version of ns-3, you need to use the tool 'mercurial'. A quick and dirty cheat sheet is included in doc/mercurial.txt but reading through the mercurial tutorials included on the mercurial website is usually a good idea if you are not familiar with it. If you have successfully installed mercurial, you can get a copy of the development version with the following command: "hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev"
03-08
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