Reading Notes on NS2(9)

应用层

 

在NS2中,业务流是由应用层产生的。

 

[1] 应用层概述
在NS2中,应用层程序构建在传输层之上,它分为两大类:流量产生器(traffic generator)和应用模拟器(simulated application)。
注意:
(1)流量产生器一般用在UDP代理之上;应用模拟器一般用在TCP代理之上。
(2)NS2通过在传输层Agent内部预定义一些成员函数来模拟socket API的功能。
(3)Application类是OTcl中应用层程序的基类,提供了应用层程序的一些行为的基本原型。
(4)可以通过Tcl代码查看NS2中能够实现的各种应用程序。(P.61)

 

[2] 流量产生器(Traffic generators)
网络中的业务流是随机产生的,因此,以某个固定速率来模拟实际业务流的产生情况显然是不合适的。为此,NS2中创建了各种不同的概率模型来模拟产生实际网络中的业务流。
在NS2中,根据业务流产生的概率模型的不同,实现了4种流量产生器(一般都是建立在UDP代理之上)。

(1)指数分布流量产生器
在OTcl中对应的类名为Application/Traffic/Exponential。
该流量产生器按照指数On/Off分布产生数据。在"On"阶段,分组以固定的速率发送;在"Off"阶段,分组停止发送。"On"和"Off"两种状态的时间都符合指数分布。

(2)泊松分布流量产生器
在OTcl中对应的类名为Application/Traffic/Pareto。
该发生器除了"On"、"Off"两种状态之间的时间产生业务流符合Pareto分布外,其他时间按指数On/Off分布。这种分布可用来产生长时间相关的急剧通信量。

(3)固定比特流量产生器
在OTcl中对应的类名为Application/Traffic/CBR。
该流量产生器按照一个固定的速率产生业务流,分组的长度为一常数值,可以选择需要时对分组发送的时间间隔产生随机抖动。

(4)Trace文件流量产生器
在OTcl中对应的类名为Application/Traffic/Trace。
该流量产生器按照一个Trace文件产生数据。

例子:

 

 

[3] 应用模拟器(Simulated application)
建立在TCP代理之上的业务流需要使用应用模拟器来产生。
(1)FTP应用模拟器
对应的OTcl类为Application/FTP。主要用来模拟大量数据的传送。

(2)Telnet应用模拟器
对应的OTcl类为Application/Telnet。

例子:

The Network Simulator, Version 3 -------------------------------- Table of Contents: ------------------ 1) An overview 2) Building ns-3 3) Running ns-3 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 Note: Much more substantial information about ns-3 can be found at http://www.nsnam.org 1) An Open Source project ------------------------- ns-3 is a free open source project aiming to build a discrete-event network simulator targeted for simulation research and education. This is a collaborative project; we hope that the missing pieces of the models we have not yet implemented will be contributed by the community in an open collaboration process. The process of contributing to the ns-3 project varies with the people involved, the amount of time they can invest and the type of model they want to work on, but the current process that the project tries to follow is described here: http://www.nsnam.org/developers/contributing-code/ This README excerpts some details from a more extensive tutorial that is maintained at: http://www.nsnam.org/documentation/latest/ 2) Building ns-3 ---------------- The code for the framework and the default models provided by ns-3 is built as a set of libraries. User simulations are expected to be written as simple programs that make use of these ns-3 libraries. To build the set of default libraries and the example programs included in this package, you need to use the tool 'waf'. Detailed information on how use waf is included in the file doc/build.txt However, the real quick and dirty way to get started is to type the command ./waf configure --enable-examples followed by ./waf in the the directory which contains this README file. The files built will be copied in the build/ directory. The current codebase is expected to build and run on the set of platforms listed in the RELEASE_NOTES file. Other platforms may or may not work: we welcome patches to improve the portability of the code to these other platforms. 3) Running ns-3 --------------- On recent Linux systems, once you have built ns-3 (with examples enabled), it should be easy to run the sample programs with the following command, such as: ./waf --run simple-global-routing That program should generate a simple-global-routing.tr text trace file and a set of simple-global-routing-xx-xx.pcap binary pcap trace files, which can be read by tcpdump -tt -r filename.pcap The program source can be found in the examples/routing directory. 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation ------------------------------------------- Once you have verified that your build of ns-3 works by running the simple-point-to-point example as outlined in 4) above, it is quite likely that you will want to get started on reading some ns-3 documentation. All of that documentation should always be available from the ns-3 website: http:://www.nsnam.org/documentation/. This documentation includes: - a tutorial - a reference manual - models in the ns-3 model library - a wiki for user-contributed tips: http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/ - API documentation generated using doxygen: this is a reference manual, most likely not very well suited as introductory text: http://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/index.html 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 ----------------------------------------------- If you want to download and use the development version of ns-3, you need to use the tool 'mercurial'. A quick and dirty cheat sheet is included in doc/mercurial.txt but reading through the mercurial tutorials included on the mercurial website is usually a good idea if you are not familiar with it. If you have successfully installed mercurial, you can get a copy of the development version with the following command: "hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev"
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03-08
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