SARSteer: Safeguarding Large Audio Language Models via Safe-Ablated Refusal Steering

文章总结与翻译

一、主要内容

本文聚焦大型音频语言模型(LALMs)的安全对齐问题,针对现有LLM和LVLM安全防御方法迁移至LALMs时存在的两大核心局限(音频输入下LLM-based转向失效、提示词防御导致良性查询过度拒绝),提出了首个推理时防御框架SARSteer(Safe-Ablated Refusal Steering)。

  1. 问题背景:LALMs作为跨模态骨干模型在语音助手、音频理解等场景广泛应用,但音频输入比文本更易引发有害响应,且现有安全对齐研究多集中于LLM和LVLM,LALMs的安全防御仍处于探索阶段。
  2. 核心挑战:
    • 音频与文本的激活分布差异巨大,基于LLM的激活转向方法在音频输入下失效;
    • 源自LVLM的提示词防御会对语义相似的良性查询产生过度拒绝。
  3. 数据集构建:基于Figsteps、AdvBench等现有基准,构建语音领域有害-安全配对数据集,通过TTS技术将文本查询转化为音频,并确保配对样本词汇相似但安全属性相反,用于模型评估。
  4. 方法设计:
    • 文本衍生拒绝转向:从拒绝式文本提示中提取转向向量,避免依赖音频输入的分布特性,捕捉安全对齐语义;
    • 分解式安全空间消融:通过PCA分析安全样本的主成分 subspace,从转向向量中剔除安全相关成分,缓解过度拒绝。
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