Current and Future Use of Large Language Models for Knowledge Work

主要内容
  1. 研究背景
    大型语言模型(LLM)通过自然语言交互改变了知识工作方式,但系统性研究其在知识工作中的应用尚少。本文通过两次调查(2023年n=216,2024年n=107)分析知识工作者的LLM使用现状与未来需求。

  2. 当前使用情况

    • 工作场景:24.5%(2023)和34.6%(2024)的参与者使用LLM生成代码、文本草稿、总结信息或获取建议。任务集中在内容生成(如代码、邮件草稿)、信息检索与学习(如技术文档总结)和质量改进(如语法优化)。
    • 个人场景:27.8%(2023)的参与者用于旅行规划、育儿建议等高风险任务。
    • 探索阶段:26.9%(2023)的参与者尝试LLM但未实际应用。
  3. 未来需求

    • 自动化:70%参与者希望LLM自动处理日程安排、数据分析等任务。
    • 集成化:与企业数据和工具(如Jira、Slack)结合,支持复杂工作流(如代码审查、项目管理)。
    • 协作支持:在团队协作中提供可靠建议,解决重复输出和信任问题。
Language models have shown remarkable capabilities in predicting the effects of mutations on protein function without prior examples, a task known as zero-shot prediction. This ability is rooted in the way these models are trained and the vast amount of data they process. During training, language models learn to understand the context and relationships between different parts of a sequence. In the case of proteins, this means learning the relationships between amino acids and how changes in these sequences can affect the overall structure and function of the protein. By analyzing the co-occurrence patterns of amino acids across many protein sequences, language models can infer the importance of specific residues for maintaining the protein's function[^1]. When it comes to making predictions about mutations, language models can use the learned information to assess the likelihood that a particular mutation will disrupt the protein's function. This is done by evaluating the impact of the mutation on the local and global properties of the protein, such as its stability, folding, and interactions with other molecules. The model can then provide a score or probability indicating the effect of the mutation on the protein's function[^1]. One of the key advantages of using language models for zero-shot prediction is their ability to generalize from the data they have been trained on. Even without specific examples of certain mutations, the models can make educated guesses based on the general principles they have learned about protein sequences and structures. This makes them particularly useful for identifying potential disease-causing mutations or for guiding the design of new proteins with desired functions[^1]. For instance, a study demonstrated that a language model could predict the effects of mutations on the binding affinity of a protein to its ligand. The model was able to identify which mutations would lead to a decrease in binding affinity, even when those mutations had not been observed in the training data. This kind of prediction is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of genetic diseases and for developing targeted therapies[^1]. Here is a simplified example of how a language model might be used to predict the effects of mutations on protein function: ```python def predict_mutation_effect(model, wild_type_sequence, mutant_sequence): # Encode the sequences into a format suitable for the model encoded_wild_type = encode_sequence(wild_type_sequence) encoded_mutant = encode_sequence(mutant_sequence) # Get the model's predictions for both sequences wild_type_prediction = model.predict(encoded_wild_type) mutant_prediction = model.predict(encoded_mutant) # Calculate the difference in predictions to estimate the effect of the mutation effect = mutant_prediction - wild_type_prediction return effect ``` In this example, the `predict_mutation_effect` function takes a pre-trained model, a wild-type protein sequence, and a mutant sequence as inputs. It encodes the sequences into a format that the model can process, then uses the model to generate predictions for both sequences. The difference between these predictions is used to estimate the effect of the mutation on the protein's function. The application of language models in this domain is still an active area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the accuracy and reliability of these predictions. Nevertheless, the current capabilities of language models represent a significant step forward in our ability to understand and manipulate protein function through computational means[^1].
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