翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（5）

2.4 Level 3 Defined
2.4 级别3 可定义的
At TMMi level 3, testing is no longer a phase that follows coding. It is fully integrated into the development lifecycle and the associated milestones. Test planning is done at an early project stage, e.g. during the requirements phase,by means of a master test plan. The development of a master test plan builds on the test planning skills and commitments acquired at TMMi level 2. The organization’s set of standard test processes, which is the basis for maturity level 3, is established and improved over time. A test organization and a specific test training program exist, and testing is perceived as being a profession. Test process improvement is fully institutionalized as part of the test organization. Organizations at this level understand the importance of reviews in quality control; a formal review
program is implemented although not yet fully linked to the dynamic testing process. Reviews take place
across the lifecycle. Test professionals are involved in reviews on requirements specifications. Whereby
the test designs at TMMi level 2 focus mainly on functionality testing, test designs and test techniques
are expanded, depending the business objectives, to also include non-functional testing, e.g. on usability
and/or reliability. A critical distinction between TMMi maturity level 2 and 3 is the scope of the
standards, process descriptions, and procedures.  At maturity level 2 these may be quite different in each
specific instance, e.g. on a particular project. At maturity level 3 these are tailored from the
organization’s set of standard processes to suit a particular project or organizational unit and therefore
are more consistent except for the differences allowed by the tailoring guidelines. Another critical
distinction is that at maturity level 3, processes are typically described more rigorously than at maturity
level 2. As a consequence at maturity level 3, the organization must revisit the maturity level 2 process
areas.
在TMMi级别3，测试不再是编码后的一个阶段，它被集成到整个开发生命周期和相关的里程碑。测试计划在项目的初期就被

完成，比如在需求阶段，通过一个测试总体计划。在2级TMMi测试总体计划的发展建立在测试计划技能和承诺的基础上。组

织的一套标准测试过程，是3级成熟度的基础，随着时间被建立和完善。存在测试组织和明确的培训程序，测试被明确为一

种职业。测试过程改进是完全制度化测试组织的一部分。在这个级别的组织明白评审在质量控制方面的重要性；正式的评

审程序被实施虽然没有链接到动态测试过程。评审贯穿到整个生命周期。需求说明书指定测试职业包含评审。2级TMMi的测

试设计的重点是功能性测试，测试设计和扩展测试技术，视商业目标，也包括非功能性测试，例如可用性和可靠性测试。

TMMi2级和3级的本质区别是标准的范围，过程描述和步骤。2级成熟度在每个特定的实例有着完全的差别，如在一个特定的

项目。3级成熟度可以从组织的一套标准过程中裁剪以适合一个特定的项目或者组织单元，因此更加一致，除了裁剪规则的

不同。另外一个本质区别是在3级成熟度比2级成熟度，过程表述更加严格。因此在3级成熟度，组织必须重新访问2级成熟

度的过程域。
The process areas at TMMi level 3 are:
3.1 Test Organization
3.2 Test Training Program
3.3 Test Lifecycle and Integration
3.4 Non-Functional Testing
3.5 Peer Reviews
TMMi级别3有如下过程域：
3.1 测试组织
3.2 测试培训程序
3.3 测试生命周期和整合
3.4 非功能测试
3.5 同行评审

2.5 Level 4 Management and Measurement
2.5 级别4 可管理和可度量的
In TMMi 4 organizations testing is a thoroughly defined, well-founded and measurable process. At maturity

level 4,
the organization and projects establish quantitative objectives for product quality and process performance

and use
them as criteria in managing them. Product quality and process performance is understood in statistical

terms and
is managed throughout the lifecycle. Measures are incorporated into the organization’s measurement

repository to
support fact-based decision making. Reviews and inspections are considered to be part of testing and used

the
measure document quality. The static and dynamic test approaches are integrated into one. Reviews are

formally
used as means to control quality gates. Products are evaluated using quantitative criteria for quality

attributes such
as reliability, usability and maintainability. An organization wide test measurement program provides

information
and visibility regarding the test process. Testing is perceived as evaluation; it consists of all lifecycle

activities
concerned with checking products and related work products.
在4级TMMi组织，测试是一个充分定义，有事实根据和可度量的过程。在4级成熟度组织和项目为产品质量和过程性能建立

多个目标，并作为标准管理他们。产品质量和过程性能在统计条款上被理解，在整个生命周期被管理。测量成为组织度量

库的一部分以支持基于事实策略的制定。评审和检查被视为测试的一部分并用来度量文档质量。静态和动态的测试方法被

集成到一起。评审被正式的使用来控制质量关口。产品使用质量评价量化标准的属性，如可靠性，可用性和可维护性。一

个组织广泛的测试度量方案提供了有关信息和能见度测试过程。测试被认为是评估，它与检测产品和相关的工作产品生命

周期有关的所有活动组成。
The process areas at TMMi level 4 are:
4.1 Test Measurement
4.2 Product Quality Evaluation
4.3 Advanced Peer Reviews
TMMi级别4有如下过程域：
4.1 测试度量
4.2 产品质量评估
4.3 高级同行评审

2.6 Level 5 Optimization
2.6 级别5 可优化的
On the basis of all results that have been achieved by fulfilling all the improvement goals of the previous

maturity levels, testing is now a completely defined process and one is capable of controlling the costs

and the testing effectiveness. At TMMi maturity level 5, an organization continually improves it processes

based on a quantitative understanding of the common cause of variation inherent in processes. Improving

test process performance is carried out through incremental and innovative process and technological

improvements. The methods and techniques are optimized and there is a continuous focus on fine-tuning and

test process improvement. Defect prevention and quality control are practiced. Statistical sampling,

measurements of confidence levels, trustworthiness, and reliability drive the test process. Amongst others

“Defect Prevention” and “Quality Control” are introduced as process areas. The test process is

characterized by sampling based quality measurements. A detailed procedure exists for selecting and

evaluating test tools. Tools support the test process as much as possible during test design, test

execution, regression testing, test case management, etc.

Process re-use is also practiced at level 5 supported by a process asset library. Testing is a process with

the objective to prevent defects.
在取得之前成熟度级别所有改进目标的基础上，测试是一个完全可定义的过程，并能控制成本和测试效率。在5级TMMi，组

织在理解众多变化过程中的固有的常见原因的基础上持续改进它的过程。通过渐近和改进的过程和技术改进，提高测试过

程的性能被执行。方法和技术被优化，并持续的致力于微调和测试过程提高。缺陷预防和质量控制被实践。统计抽样，信

心水平度量，确实性和可信赖性驱动测试过程。除了其他，缺陷预防和质量控制被引入成为过程域。测试过程的特点是基

于质量测量的抽样。存在一个详细的步骤来选择和评估测试工具。在测试设计，测试执行，衰退测试，测试用例管理等等

期间尽可能的用工具来支持测试过程。在5级TMMi，支持通过一个过程资产库实践过程重用。测试是个缺陷预防为目标的过

程。
Process areas at level 5 are:
5.1 Defect Prevention
5.2 Test Process Optimization
5.3 Quality Control
TMMi级别5有如下过程域：
5.1 缺陷预防
5.2 测试过程优化
5.3 质量控制