翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（6）

3 Structure of the TMMi
3 TMMi的结构
The structure of the TMMi is largely based on the structure of the CMMI. This is a major benefit because many
people/organizations are already familiar with the CMMI structure. The CMMI structure makes a clear distinction
between practices that are required (goals) or recommended (specific practices, typical work products, etc.) to
implement. This aspect is also included in the TMMi. In this chapter, the components and structure of the TMMi
structure are described. In addition the support provided by the CMMI to a TMMi implementation is described.
TMMi的结构很大程度上建立在CMMI的结构基础上。这样做的好处是因为许多人/组织已经熟悉CMMI的结构。CMMI的结构清楚的划分了必需的实践（目标）和推荐的实践（特定的实践，典型的工作产品等）。TMMi也包括这个方面。在本章，讲述了TMMi的组件和结构。另外也讲述了CMMI提供给TMMi执行的支持。
3.1 Required, Expected and Informative Components
3.1 必需的，可预料的和提供信息的组件
The various components are grouped into three categories: required, expected and informative.
各种各样的组件被组合成3个类别：必需的，可预料的和提供信息的
3.1.1 Required Components
3.1.1 必需的组件
Required components describe what an organization must achieve to satisfy a process area. This achievement
must be visibly implemented in an organization’s processes. The required components in TMMi are the specific
and generic goals. Goals satisfaction is used in assessments as the basis for deciding if a process area has been
achieved and satisfied.
必需的组件描述了一个组织必须实现的内容，以满足过程域。在组织的过程里这些执行必须是可见的。TMMi的必需组件是具体的和通用的目标。目标满足被用作评估的基础以决定是否过程域已经被实现和满足。
3.1.2 Expected Components
3.1.2 期望的组件
Expected components describe what an organization will typically implement to achieve a required component.
Expected components guide those who implement improvements or perform assessments. Expected components
include both specific and generic practices. Either the practices as described or acceptable alternatives to the
practices must be present in the planned and implemented processes of the organization, before goals can be
considered satisfied.
期望的组件描述了组织典型执行的，以实现必需的组件。期望的组件指南改善或者执行评估。期望的组件包括具体的和通用的实践。在目标被考虑满足之前，无论是所述的实践还是可接受的替代物必须体现在组织的计划和执行过程中。
3.1.3 Informative Components
3.1.3 信息组件
Informative components provide details that help organizations get started in thinking about how to approach the
required and expected components. Sub-practices, typical work products, notes, examples, and references are all
informative model components.
信息组件提供细节以帮助组织开始考虑如何处理必需的和期望的组件。子实践，典型工作产品，记录，例子和参考都是信息模型组件。
3.2 Components of the TMMi
3.2 TMMi的组件
The TMMi model required and expected components can be summarized to illustrate their relationship as in figure
2. The following sections provide a description of the components. Note that the TMMi also provides a specific
glossary of terms. The terms used in the glossary are largely re-used from the international test terminology
standard developed by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB): Standard glossary of
terms used in Software Testing [ISTQB].
TMMi模型必需和期望的组件能用图2来阐明他们的关系。下面的章节提供了这些组件的描述。需要注意的是TMMi也提供一个详尽的术语表。这些术语表很大程度上重用了国际软件测试资格委员会（ISTQB）开发的国际测试术语标准: 应用在软件测试的标准术语表（ISTQB）。
3.2.1 Maturity levels
3.2.1 成熟度级别
A maturity level within the TMMi can be regarded as a degree of organizational test process quality. It is defined as
an evolutionary plateau of test process improvement. Each level progressively develops an important part of the
organization’s test processes. There are five maturity levels within the TMMi. Each maturity level tells what to
implement in order to achieve the given level. The higher the maturity level the organization is ranked at, the more
mature the test process of the organization is. To reach a particular maturity level, an organization must satisfy all
of the appropriate goals (both specific and generic) of the process areas at the specific level and also those at
earlier maturity levels. Note that all organizations possess a minimum of TMMi level 1, as this level does not
contain any goals that must be satisfied.
TMMi的成熟度级别可以作为组织测试过程质量的度。它被定义成测试过程改进的进化平台。每个级别逐渐被发展成组织测试过程的重要部分。TMMi有5个成熟度级别。每个成熟度级别讲述了为了实现给定的级别所要实现的内容。组织的成熟度级别越高，组织的测试过程成熟度越高。为了达到指定的成熟度级别，组织必需满足这个级别和之前级别所有过程域的合适的目标（包括特定和通用）。请注意，所有组织过程，最小的TMMi级别1，不包含任何目标需要满足。
3.2.2 Process Areas
3.2.2 过程域
As stated with the exception of level 1, each maturity level consists of several process areas that indicate where an
organization should focus to improve its test process. Process areas identify the issues that must be addressed to
achieve a maturity level. Each process area identifies a cluster of test related activities.
When the practices are all
performed a significant improvement in activities related to that area will be made. In the TMMi, only those process
areas are identified that are considered to be key determinants of test process capability. All process areas of the
maturity level and the lower maturity levels must be satisfied to consider a maturity level to be achieved. For
example, if an organization is at TMMi level 3, it has satisfied all of the process areas at both TMMi level 2 and
TMMi level 3.
除了级别1，每个成熟度级别包含几个过程域来指明组织的重点来改进它的测试过程。过程域标识的问题必须被解决，以达到这个成熟度级别。每个过程域标识出一组测试相关的活动。当实践都执行了显著的改进，这些域将被制定。在TMMi中，只有那些被认为是测试过程能力的关键因数才被指明。所有成熟度级别以及比它低级别的过程域必须能被实现。例如，如果组织在TMMi级别3，它满足所有的2级TMMi和3级TMMi的过程域。
3.2.3 Purpose
3.2.3 目标
The purpose statement describes the purpose of the process area and is an informative component. For example,
the purpose statement of the test planning process area is “define a test approach based on the identified risks and
the defined test strategy, and to establish and maintain well-founded plans for performing and managing the testing
activities”.
目标申明描述了过程域的目标，是一个信息组件。比如，测试计划过程域的目标申明是“在指定的风险和定义好的测试策略的基础上定义测试方法，建立和维护有根据的计划来执行和管理测试活动”。
3.2.4 Introductory Notes
3.2.4 介绍性说明
The introductory notes section of the process area describes the major concepts covered in the process area and
is an informative component.
过程域的过程性说明章节描述了过程域里的主要概念，是一个信息组件。
3.2.5 Scope
3.2.5 范围
The scope section of the process area specifically identifies the test practices that are addressed by the process
area, and if necessary test practices that are explicitly outside the scope of this process area.
过程域的范围章节明确的指出了过程域中的测试实践，如果有必要，过程域范围以外的测试实践也会被明确。
3.2.6 Specific Goals
3.2.6 特定目标
A specific goal describes the unique characteristic that must be present to satisfy the process area. A specific goal
is a required model component and is used in assessments to help determine whether a process area is satisfied.
特定目标的典型特征是必须满足过程域。特定目标是必需模型组件，被用在评估以决定一个过程域是否被满足。
3.2.7 Generic Goals
3.2.7 通用目标
Generic goals appear near the end of a process area and are called ‘generic’ because the same goal statement
appears in multiple process areas. A generic goal describes the characteristics that must be present to
institutionalize the processes that implement a process area. A generic goal is a required model component and is
used in assessments to help determine whether a process area is satisfied.
通用目标出现在过程域尾部，之所以被称为“通用”是因为在多个过程域中有相同的目标申明。通用目标描述的特征是，必需存在制度化的过程来执行过程域。通用目标事实一个必需模型组件，被用在评估以决定一个过程域是否被满足。
3.2.8 Specific practices
3.2.8 特定的实践
A specific practice is the description of an activity that is considered important in achieving the associated specific
goal. The specific practice describes the activities expected to result in achievement of the specific goals of a
process area. A specific practice is an expected model component.
特定实践是实体描述，它在实现相关特定目标中被认为是重要的。特定实践描述的实体期望获得过程域的特定目标。特定实践是期望模型组件。
3.2.9 Typical Work Products
3.2.9 典型工作产品
The typical work products section lists sample outputs from a specific practice. These examples are called ‘typical
work products’ because there are often work products that are just as effective but are not listed. A typical work
product is an informative model component.
典型工作产品章节从特定实践列出例子输出。那些例子被称为“典型工作产品”，因为经常有工作产品，也同样有效，但没有列出。典型工作产品是信息模型组件。
3.2.10 Sub-practices
3.2.10 子实践
A sub-practice is a detailed description that provides guidance for interpreting and implementing a specific practice.
Sub-practices may be worded as if prescriptive, but are actually an informative component meant only to provide
ideas that may be useful for test process improvement.
子实践是为解释和执行特定实践而提供指引的细节描述。子实践不像字面规定的那样，实际上是信息组件仅提供对测试过程改进有用的想法。
3.2.11 Generic Practices
3.2.11 通用实践
Generic practices appear near the end of a process area and called ‘generic’ because the same practice appears
in multiple process areas. A generic practice is the description of an activity that is considered important in
achieving the associated generic goal. A generic practice is an expected model component.
通用实践出现在过程域的尾部，之所以被称为“通用”是因为相同的实践出现在多个过程域。通用实践是个实体描述，在实现相关的通用目标中被认为是重要的。通用实践是期望模型组件。
3.2.12 Generic Practices Elaborations
3.2.12 通用实践细节
Generic practices elaboration appears after a generic practice in a process area to provide guidance on how the
generic practice should be applied uniquely to the process area. A generic practice elaboration is an informative
model component.
通用实践细节出现在过程域的通用实践之后，用来提供通用实践唯一地被应用到过程域的指导。通用实践细节是信息模型组件。
3.2.13 Supporting Informative Components
3.2.13 支持性信息组件
There are many places where further information is needed to describe a concept. This informative information is
provided in terms of the following components:
有许多地方需要进一步的信息来描述一个概念。这些提供信息的信息由用下面的组件提供：
3.2.13.1 Notes
3.2.13.1 注释
A note is a text that can accompany any other model component. It may provide detail, background, or
rationale. A note is an informative model component.
注释是文本，它伴随其他模型组件。它提供细节，背景和逻辑依据。注释是信息模型组件。
3.2.13.2 Examples
3.2.13.2 实例
An example is a component comprising text and often a list of items, usually in a box, that can
accompany nearly any other component and provides one or more examples to clarify a concept or
described activity. An example is an informative model component.
实例是一个组件，包括文本和一个项目清单，通常在一个盒子，可以伴随几乎任何其他组件，并提供一个或更多的例子来阐明一个概念或叙述的活动。实例是信息模型的组件。
3.2.13.3 References
3.2.13.3 参考
A reference is a pointer to additional or more detailed information in related process areas and can
accompany nearly any other model component. A reference is an informative model component.
参考是一个额外的或更详细的相关过程域信息的指针，可以伴随几乎任何其他模型组件。它是信息模型组件。