Transfer behavior and transaction ordering-1

The following diagram shows a time representation of several valid transactions on the five
channels of an AXI3 or AXI4 interface:
在这里插入图片描述
The different transactions in this example are as follows:

  1. Transaction A, which is a write transaction that contains four transfers. The manager first puts
    the address A on the AW channel, then soon puts the sequence of four data transfers on the
    W channel, ending with AL where L stands for last. Once all four data transfers complete, the
    subordinate responds on the channel.
  2. While transaction A was occurring, the manager also used the read channels to perform a read
    transaction, C, which contains two transfers. Because this is a read transaction, there is no
    response from the subordinate on a different channel when the transaction completes. Instead,
    the response from the subordinate is included in the R channel at the same time as the data.
  3. Once transaction C completes, the manager uses the Read Address channel AR to send a
    new read address, D, to the subordinate. In this case, the response from the subordinate
    is not immediate. This is indicated by the empty time slot between D and D0. Delays like
    this can happen. The subordinate is not obliged to answer immediately. For example, the
    subordinate could be busy performing another operation, or it could take time to retrieve the
    data. Eventually, the subordinate responds with four sequential transfers, D0 through DL, on
    the R channel.
  4. Finally, while the read transaction D is ongoing, the manager uses the Write Address channel,
    AW, to send a new address, B, to the subordinate for a write operation. The manager puts
    the data B0 on the W channel at the same time as it puts the corresponding address B on the
    AW channel. There is a delay in this example between data transfers B0 and BL, and another
    delay before the response B. The transaction completes only when the subordinate sends the
    response to the manager. All of these examples are valid transactions.
### PCIe 事务排序机制(Transaction Ordering) PCIe 事务排序机制定义了在 PCIe 链路中,不同类型的事务层数据包(TLP)在传输过程中如何保持其顺序一致性,以确保数据的完整性与一致性。该机制涉及多个排序规则,具体取决于事务的类型(如读取、写入、原子操作等)以及是否启用了某些排序控制标志(如 Relaxed Ordering、No Snoop、ID-based Ordering 等)[^1]。 #### 1. PCIe 事务排序的基本规则 PCIe 规范定义了以下事务排序的基本原则: - **读写分离原则**:写事务(Memory Write)不能越过读请求(Memory Read)或读完成(Completion)事务。这是为了防止写操作覆盖尚未读取的数据,从而导致数据不一致。 - **完成包顺序性**:一个设备发出的读请求必须在其对应的完成包(Completion)之前到达接收端,以确保接收端能正确关联请求与响应。 - **原子操作顺序性**:对于原子事务(如 AtomicOp),必须保证其在链路上的顺序性,以确保操作的完整性。 #### 2. 排序控制标志 PCIe 支持多个排序控制标志,允许设备在特定场景下调整事务顺序以提高性能: - **Relaxed Ordering(宽松排序)**:允许事务在链路上重新排序,前提是不会影响最终一致性。该标志通常用于非关键路径的写操作,以提升吞吐量。 - **No Snoop(无监听)**:用于指示事务不需要参与缓存一致性维护,通常用于非缓存一致性内存区域的访问。 - **ID-based Ordering(基于ID的排序)**:确保来自相同请求者的事务顺序不会被改变,即使启用了 Relaxed Ordering。 #### 3. 排序机制的实现 事务排序机制的实现依赖于事务层和数据链路层的协同工作: - 每个 TLP 都包含一个 8 位的“Transaction ID”,用于标识事务的来源和顺序。 - 在设备内部,事务队列和排序逻辑根据排序规则和控制标志决定是否允许事务重排序。 - 接收端通过识别 TLP 的排序控制标志和 Transaction ID 来决定如何处理事务顺序。 #### 4. 示例:事务排序控制的配置 以下是一个简化的 PCIe 配置空间中控制寄存器的示例,展示了如何配置排序控制标志: ```c typedef struct { uint16_t device_control; // Device Control Register } PCIeConfigSpace; // 启用 Relaxed Ordering void enable_relaxed_ordering(PCIeConfigSpace *config) { config->device_control |= (1 << 4); // Bit 4: Relaxed Ordering Enable } // 禁用 Relaxed Ordering void disable_relaxed_ordering(PCIeConfigSpace *config) { config->device_control &= ~(1 << 4); } ``` #### 5. 排序机制对性能的影响 事务排序机制在保证数据一致性的前提下,也会影响系统的性能。例如: - 启用 Relaxed Ordering 可以显著提高写操作的吞吐量,但可能增加某些读操作的延迟。 - 使用 ID-based Ordering 可以确保关键事务的顺序性,但会限制事务的重排序能力,可能降低链路利用率。 因此,在设计 PCIe 设备驱动程序或硬件逻辑时,需要根据具体应用场景合理配置排序控制标志。 --- ###
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