单词的分类（七）动词（2）助动词和情态动词

英语中的助动词主要有be、do、hava、will、shall等，用于帮助句子中的谓语动词构成否定句、疑问句、时态、语态等。

一、助动词be 

各种形式

时态	I (1st person singular)	You (2nd person singular/plural)	He/She/It (3rd person singular)	We (1st person plural)	They (3rd person plural)
现在时态	am	are	is	are	are
现在分词	being
过去时态	was	were	was	were	were
过去分词	been

举例：

时态/人称	be 的形式	例句
一般现在时 (Present Simple)	am / is / are	I am a student. (我是一名学生.) She is happy. (她很高兴.) They are teachers. (他们是老师.)
现在进行时 (Present Continuous)	am / is / are + being	The car is being repaired. (汽车正在被修理.) I am being patient. (我正在保持耐心.)
一般过去时 (Past Simple)	was / were	I was tired yesterday. (我昨天很累.) They were here an hour ago. (他们一个小时前在这里.)
过去进行时 (Past Continuous)	was / were + being	The project was being discussed when I arrived. (当我到达时，项目正在讨论中.)
一般将来时 (Future Simple)	will be	The meeting will be tomorrow. (会议明天举行.)
将来进行时 (Future Continuous)	will be + being	The house will be being built next year. (房子明年将被建造.)
现在完成时 (Present Perfect)	have/has been	She has been to Paris. (她去过巴黎.)
过去完成时 (Past Perfect)	had been	They had been waiting for an hour before I arrived. (在我到达之前，他们等了一个小时.)
将来完成时 (Future Perfect)	will have been	By next year, she will have been here for 10 years. (到明年，她将已经在这里待了10年.)
现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)	have/has been + being	The proposal has been being reviewed for weeks. (提案已被审核几周了.)
过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)	had been + being	The work had been being done for hours before the power went out. (在停电之前，工作已经进行了好几个小时.)
将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)	will have been + being	By next month, the house will have been being constructed for two years. (到下个月，房子将已建造两年.)

 助动词be的用法：

1、be+现在分词 构成进行时态

2、be+及物动词的过去分词 构成被动语态

The question is being discussed right now.

二、助动词do 

各种形式

现在式区分人称do和does，过去式不区分人称都是did。

时态/人称	肯定式 (Affirmative)	否定式 (Negative)
原型 (Base form)	do	do not (don't)
过去式 (Past tense)	did	did not (didn't)
现在式第三人称单数 (Present tense, 3rd person singular)	does	does not (doesn't)

用法：

1、构成否定句和疑问句

句子中的谓语是没有其他助动词的一般动词时，疑问、否定结构必须由do构成。

She does not (doesn't) like coffee.（她不喜欢咖啯。）

Does he play tennis?（他打网球吗？）

Did they finish their homework?（他们做完作业了吗？）

2、构成强调句

三、助动词have

各种形式

时态/人称	肯定式 (Affirmative)	否定式 (Negative)	疑问式 (Interrogative)
原型	have/has	heve not/has not
过去式	had	had not
现在分词	having	not having
过去分词	had	not had

用法：

1、构成完成时态

2、构成分词的完成时

3、构成虚拟语气

四、助动词will

五、情态动词

情态动词属于助动词的一种。

can/could、

may/might、

must/have to、

shall/should/ought to 

will/would、

used to、

be to

be supposed to

be about to

need

dare

had better