本文讨论了数据中的噪声问题及其变化性，特别是在数据不同时段表现出的不同方差（异方差性）情况。此外，还探讨了采样偏差问题，即在进行调查时，某些群体可能比其他群体更有可能被纳入样本中。
1. Focusing accuracy
Discounting imprecision
Often however the magnitude of the noise is not constant, and thedata are heteroskedastic.
Sampling bias. In many situations, our data comes from a survey, andsome members of the population may be more likely to be included inthe sample than others.
Doing something else
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