总结:Different Methods for Weight Initialization in Deep Learning

本文总结了深度学习中权重初始化的三种方法:高斯初始化、Xavier初始化和MSRA初始化。高斯初始化是最常见的方法,Xavier初始化考虑了输入和输出节点数,而MSRA初始化针对极深的ReLU模型,有助于从头开始训练。

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这里总结了三种权重的初始化方法,前两种比较常见,后一种是最新的。为了表达顺畅(当时写给一个歪果仁看的),用了英文,欢迎补充和指正。

尊重原创,转载请注明:http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/tangwei2014


1. Gaussian


Weights are randomly drawn from Gaussian distributions with fixed mean (e.g., 0) and fixed standard deviation (e.g., 0.01). 

This is the most common initialization method in deep learning.

### One Shot Federated Learning Implementation and Examples One-shot federated learning refers to a scenario where clients participate only once in the training process by sending their local model updates or data summaries to a central server. This approach minimizes communication overhead while still leveraging distributed datasets across multiple devices. #### Conceptual Overview In one-shot federated learning, each client computes an update based on its own dataset without further rounds of interaction after this initial contribution. The aggregated information from all participants is then used to refine a global model at the server side[^1]. #### Implementation Methodology To implement one-shot federated learning effectively: - **Initialization**: A pre-trained model can be initialized centrally before distribution. - **Client Update Generation**: Clients compute gradients or parameter changes locally using algorithms like Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). - **Aggregation Strategy**: At the server end, aggregation methods such as weighted averaging are applied over received updates considering factors including but not limited to number of samples processed per device. Below demonstrates how PyTorch could facilitate coding up a simple version of one-shot FL system: ```python import torch from collections import OrderedDict def aggregate_weights(client_models): """Aggregate weights from different models.""" avg_model = OrderedDict() for key in client_models[0].state_dict().keys(): temp_weight = sum([model.state_dict()[key] for model in client_models]) / len(client_models) avg_model[key] = temp_weight return avg_model class ClientModel(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(ClientModel, self).__init__() # Define your neural network architecture here def train(self, dataloader): optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(self.parameters(), lr=0.01) for inputs, labels in dataloader: outputs = self(inputs) loss = criterion(outputs, labels) optimizer.zero_grad() loss.backward() optimizer.step() clients = [] # List containing instances of `ClientModel` trained independently for i in range(num_clients): client_i = ClientModel() client_i.train(local_data[i]) clients.append(client_i) global_model_state = aggregate_weights(clients) final_global_model.load_state_dict(global_model_state) ``` This code snippet outlines basic operations involved in performing one-shot federated learning within a machine learning pipeline using Python's popular deep learning library, PyTorch[^4]. #### Case Studies & Practical Applications An example application area involves deploying edge computing architectures where resource-constrained IoT devices contribute single-time snapshots of learned parameters towards enhancing predictive capabilities of cloud-based AI services[^3]. Another instance includes privacy-preserving analytics projects aiming to protect sensitive user information during collaborative modeling efforts between organizations holding disjointed yet complementary datasets. --related questions-- 1. How does one-shot federated learning compare against iterative approaches regarding convergence speed? 2. What challenges arise when implementing one-shot schemes in real-world applications involving heterogeneous client environments? 3. Can you provide more detailed explanations about specific use cases that benefit most significantly from adopting one-shot strategies? 4. Are there any particular considerations needed for ensuring security and privacy preservation under one-shot settings compared to traditional multi-round protocols?
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