8.1-spring 事务-声明式事务（使用）
事务可以保证数据操作原子性，即将对数据的操作看成一个整体，如果部分失败那么部分成功的也要回滚。spring 提供了声明式事务和编程式事务，以下对声明式事务做一些介绍。
jdbc 提供的事务操作
如果不使用spring框架提供的事务管理，可以使用数据库提供的java开发包来操作事务，如：
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
使用mysql-connector-java操作事务举例
① 创建数据库
以下，name 列数据唯一
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`spring_transactional_test` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
USE `spring_transactional_test`;
/*Table structure for table `user` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`create_time` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
② 使用mysql-connector-java提供的事务操作
package com.spring_transactional_test.service;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class JDBCTransactionalTest {
private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/spring_transactional_test?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false&allowPublicKeyRetrieval=true&nullCatalogMeansCurrent=true";
private static final String USER = "root";
private static final String PASSWORD = "root";
private void insertUser(Connection conn,String name) throws SQLException {
String sql = "INSERT INTO user (name) VALUES (?)";
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
pstmt.setString(1, name);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
}
public void insrtDatas() {
// 加载并注册JDBC驱动
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return;
}
// 建立数据库连接
try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASSWORD)) {
// 设置不自动提交，开启事务支持
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
try {
insertUser(conn,"user1");
insertUser(conn,"admin1");
// 如果没有异常，则提交事务
conn.commit(); // 所有操作成功完成，提交事务
System.out.println("Transaction completed successfully.");
} catch (SQLException e) {
// 如果出现异常，回滚事务
try {
conn.rollback(); // 回滚到上一个保存点或初始状态
System.out.println("Transaction rolled back due to an error.");
} catch (SQLException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
e.printStackTrace(); // 打印原始异常信息以供调试使用
} finally {
// 确保在最后恢复自动提交模式，尽管在这个例子中我们手动控制了事务，但仍保持良好实践。
conn.setAutoCommit(true); // 恢复自动提交模式，尽管在当前上下文中可能不是必需的。
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace(); // 打印连接或事务管理相关的异常信息以供调试使用。
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new JDBCTransactionalTest().insrtDatas();
}
}
③ 测试事务可行性
- 成功测试
以上，插入 insertUser(conn,“user1”); insertUser(conn,“admin1”); 两条数据，由于数据库此时为空，且两条sql都没有报错，所以两条数据都成功了
- 事务生效测试
将插入数据改成 insertUser(conn,“user2”); insertUser(conn,“admin1”); 第一条user2数据数据库中没有，第二条admin1数据数据库中已经有了，执行后程序抛出异常：
刷新数据库，发现数据还是 user1 和 admin1 ，说明事务生效，user2 也不会插入成功Transaction rolled back due to an error. java.sql.SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException: Duplicate entry 'admin1' for key 'name' at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.exceptions.SQLError.createSQLException(SQLError.java:117) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.exceptions.SQLExceptionsMapping.translateException(SQLExceptionsMapping.java:122) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:953) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdateInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1098) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdateInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1046) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeLargeUpdate(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1371) at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdate(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1031) at com.spring_transactional_test.service.JDBCTransactionalTest.insertUser(JDBCTransactionalTest.java:17) at com.spring_transactional_test.service.JDBCTransactionalTest.insrtDatas(JDBCTransactionalTest.java:36) at com.spring_transactional_test.service.JDBCTransactionalTest.main(JDBCTransactionalTest.java:60)
spring 声明式事务如何使用？
很简单，在需要加事务的方法上添加 @Transactional 注解即可，具体如下：
package com.spring_transactional_test.service;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
private void insertUser(String name){
String sql = "INSERT INTO user (name) VALUES (?)";
jdbcTemplate.update(sql, name);
}
@Transactional
public void insertDatas(){
insertUser("user12");
insertUser("admin1");
}
}
测试类：
package com.spring_transactional_test;
import com.spring_transactional_test.service.UserService;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
@Slf4j
@SpringBootTest
public class MyApplicationTests {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@Test
public void insertDataTest() {
userService.insertDatas();
}
}
执行完测试类，程序抛出异常：
2025-09-18 11:20:34.016 INFO 22016 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Starting...
2025-09-18 11:20:34.355 INFO 22016 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Start completed.
org.springframework.dao.DuplicateKeyException: PreparedStatementCallback; SQL [INSERT INTO user (name) VALUES (?)]; Duplicate entry 'admin1' for key 'name'; nested exception is java.sql.SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException: Duplicate entry 'admin1' for key 'name'
at org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslator.doTranslate(SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslator.java:247)
at org.springframework.jdbc.support.AbstractFallbackSQLExceptionTranslator.translate(AbstractFallbackSQLExceptionTranslator.java:70)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.translateException(JdbcTemplate.java:1541)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.execute(JdbcTemplate.java:667)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:960)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:1015)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:1025)
at com.spring_transactional_test.service.UserService.insertUser(UserService.java:16)
at com.spring_transactional_test.service.UserService.insertDatas(UserService.java:22)
at com.spring_transactional_test.service.UserService$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$44dfb7f0.invoke(<generated>)
at org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:218)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:783)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:163)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:753)
at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:123)
at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:388)
at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:119)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:753)
at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:698)
at com.spring_transactional_test.service.UserService$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$b6019c26.insertDatas(<generated>)
at com.spring_transactional_test.MyApplicationTests.insertDataTest(MyApplicationTests.java:18)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.java:725)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.MethodInvocation.proceed(MethodInvocation.java:60)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$ValidatingInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:131)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.intercept(TimeoutExtension.java:149)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptTestableMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:140)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptTestMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:84)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker$ReflectiveInterceptorCall.lambda$ofVoidMethod$0(ExecutableInvoker.java:115)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.lambda$invoke$0(ExecutableInvoker.java:105)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$InterceptedInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:106)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:64)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.chainAndInvoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:45)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.invoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:37)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.invoke(ExecutableInvoker.java:104)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.ExecutableInvoker.invoke(ExecutableInvoker.java:98)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeTestMethod$7(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:214)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.invokeTestMethod(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:210)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:135)
at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:66)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:151)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1249)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:41)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:155)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1249)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.invokeAll(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:41)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:155)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.submit(SameThreadHierarchicalTestExecutorService.java:35)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestExecutor.execute(HierarchicalTestExecutor.java:57)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.HierarchicalTestEngine.execute(HierarchicalTestEngine.java:54)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:107)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:88)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.lambda$execute$0(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:54)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.withInterceptedStreams(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:67)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineExecutionOrchestrator.execute(EngineExecutionOrchestrator.java:52)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:114)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:86)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncherSession$DelegatingLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncherSession.java:86)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.SessionPerRequestLauncher.execute(SessionPerRequestLauncher.java:53)
at com.intellij.junit5.JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.java:57)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater$1.execute(IdeaTestRunner.java:38)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.TestsRepeater.repeat(TestsRepeater.java:11)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:35)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:232)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:55)
Caused by: java.sql.SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException: Duplicate entry 'admin1' for key 'name'
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.exceptions.SQLError.createSQLException(SQLError.java:117)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.exceptions.SQLExceptionsMapping.translateException(SQLExceptionsMapping.java:122)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:953)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdateInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1098)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdateInternal(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1046)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeLargeUpdate(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1371)
at com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeUpdate(ClientPreparedStatement.java:1031)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.ProxyPreparedStatement.executeUpdate(ProxyPreparedStatement.java:61)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariProxyPreparedStatement.executeUpdate(HikariProxyPreparedStatement.java)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.lambda$update$2(JdbcTemplate.java:965)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.execute(JdbcTemplate.java:651)
... 87 more
2025-09-18 11:20:34.592 INFO 22016 --- [ionShutdownHook] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Shutdown initiated...
2025-09-18 11:20:34.607 INFO 22016 --- [ionShutdownHook] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Shutdown completed.
同样，数据库还是 user1 和，admin1 两条数据，说明事务生效了。
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