统计学系列:平均工资背后的统计学知识

本文探讨了平均工资背后的统计学知识,强调了平均数、中位数在描述数据分布时的不同作用。通过腾讯员工年薪的虚拟案例,揭示了在严重偏斜的数据中,中位数更能反映平均水平。提醒读者在面对统计数据时要具备辨别能力。

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0x00 前言

让我们从最近很火的一个小案例入手:前些日子,腾讯发表了上半年的财报,随后,“腾讯月平均工资破7万”的消息不胫而走,也因此催生了不少柠檬树。不管你酸不酸,反正我是很酸的,于是乎,就跑去问了居士:“大佬,你的工资有7w+吗?”
居士曰:“我倒是希望我的工资能有7w+…”
他这么一说,我突然就不酸了,哈哈哈,原来居士也是“被平均”了的一分子(可能这就是一种阿Q式的心理安慰了)。那么站在统计学的角度来说,这个数据的背后到底隐含了什么样的信息呢?想要弄懂这个问题,我想我们可能需要温习一下如何描述一组数据的分布情况这一知识点。

0x01 温故而知新

工欲善其事,必先利其器。数据的分布特征可以从三个方面进行描述:集中趋势、离散程度、分布的形状。而集中趋势的描述指标主要有众数、中位数、平均值;离散程度的描述指标主要有异众比率、四分位差、方差、标准差和离散系数;分布的形状的描述指标则有偏态和峰态。

集中趋势

众数: 一组数据中出现次数最多的变量值,一般情况下,只有数据量较大的时候, 众数才有意义。

中位数: 是指一组数据排序后处于中间位置的变量值。

平均数: 数据集中趋势的最主要度量指标,主要适用于数值型数据,但不适用于分类数据和顺序数据。平均数主要分为算术平均数、加权平均数和几何平均数,对于不同的数据,采用不同的计算方式。

Unit1(BOOK4) Part B The Hospital Window Jack and Ben, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. Jack, whose bed was next to the room's only window, was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. But Ben had to spend all day and night flat on his bed. To kill time the two men began to talk. They talked for hours about their wives, families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, and where they had been on vacation. As days went by, a deep friendship began to develop between them. Every afternoon when Jack could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to Ben all the things he could see outside the window. And Ben began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside. The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amid flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees beautified the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As Jack described all this in exquisite detail, Ben would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scenes. One warm afternoon Jack described a parade passing by. Although Ben couldn't hear the band -- he could see it in his mind's eye as Jack portrayed it with descriptive words. Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of Jack, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away. Ben was heart broken. Life without Jack was even more unbearable. How he longed to hear Jack's voice and his melodious descriptions of the outside world! As he looked at the window, an idea suddenly occurred to him. Perhaps he could see for himself what it was like outside. As soon as it seemed appropriate, Ben asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself! He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall! 'What could have compelled my roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window?' Ben asked the nurse when she returned. 'Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you to live on,' she said. 'You know, he was blind and could not even see the wall.'
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