22. Generate Parentheses

本文深入探讨了括号生成问题的两种核心算法:深度优先搜索(回溯法)与广度优先搜索。通过具体实现代码,详细解释了如何生成所有合法的括号组合,为读者提供了算法理解和实践的双重指导。
22. Generate Parentheses

1.深度优先(回溯)

public static void dfs(String s,int left,int right,List<String> res){
    if(left==0&&right==0){
      res.add(s);
      return ;
    }
    if(left>right){
      return ;
    }

    if(left>0){
      dfs(s+'(',left-1,right,res);
    }
    if(right>0){
      dfs(s+')',left,right-1,res);
    }
  }

2.广度优先

 static class Node{
    int left;
    int right;
    String s;
    Node(int left,int right,String s){
      this.left=left;
      this.right=right;
      this.s=s;
    }
  }

  public static List<String>  bfs(int n){
    List<String> res=new ArrayList<>();
    Queue<Node> queue=new LinkedList<>();
    queue.offer(new Node(0,0,""));
    while(!queue.isEmpty()){
      Node node=queue.poll();
      if(node.left==n&&node.right==n){
        res.add(node.s);
      }
      if(node.left<n)
        queue.offer(new Node(node.left+1,node.right,node.s+'('));
      if(node.right<n&&node.left>node.right)
        queue.offer(new Node(node.left,node.right+1,node.s+')'));
    }
    return res;
  }
#include <cassert> /// for assert #include <iostream> /// for I/O operation #include <vector> /// for vector container /** @brief Backtracking algorithms @namespace backtracking / namespace backtracking { /* @brief generate_parentheses class */ class generate_parentheses { private: std::vectorstd::string res; ///< Contains all possible valid patterns void makeStrings(std::string str, int n, int closed, int open); public: std::vectorstd::string generate(int n); }; /** @brief function that adds parenthesis to the string. @param str string build during backtracking @param n number of pairs of parentheses @param closed number of closed parentheses @param open number of open parentheses */ void generate_parentheses::makeStrings(std::string str, int n, int closed, int open) { if (closed > open) // We can never have more closed than open return; if ((str.length() == 2 * n) && (closed != open)) { // closed and open must be the same return; } if (str.length() == 2 * n) { res.push_back(str); return; } makeStrings(str + ')', n, closed + 1, open); makeStrings(str + '(', n, closed, open + 1); } /** @brief wrapper interface @param n number of pairs of parentheses @return all well-formed pattern of parentheses */ std::vectorstd::string generate_parentheses::generate(int n) { backtracking::generate_parentheses::res.clear(); std::string str = “(”; generate_parentheses::makeStrings(str, n, 0, 1); return res; } } // namespace backtracking /** @brief Self-test implementations @returns void */ static void test() { int n = 0; std::vectorstd::string patterns; backtracking::generate_parentheses p; n = 1; patterns = {{“()”}}; assert(p.generate(n) == patterns); n = 3; patterns = {{“()()()”}, {“()(())”}, {“(())()”}, {“(()())”}, {“((()))”}}; assert(p.generate(n) == patterns); n = 4; patterns = {{“()()()()”}, {“()()(())”}, {“()(())()”}, {“()(()())”}, {“()((()))”}, {“(())()()”}, {“(())(())”}, {“(()())()”}, {“(()()())”}, {“(()(()))”}, {“((()))()”}, {“((())())”}, {“((()()))”}, {“(((())))”}}; assert(p.generate(n) == patterns); std::cout << “All tests passed\n”; } /** @brief Main function @returns 0 on exit */ int main() { test(); // run self-test implementations return 0; } 在这段代码的基础上为C++初学者出几个练习题?
03-08
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