Linux系统之ifconfig命令的基本使用
一、ifconfig命令介绍
1. ifconfig简介
ifconfig是Linux中常用的网络配置工具之一，用于配置和显示网络接口的具体状况。
2. ifconfig注意事项
- 用ifconfig命令配置的网卡信息，在网卡重启后机器重启后，配置就不存在。要想将上述的配置信息永远的存的电脑里，那就要修改网卡的配置文件。
- 要使用ifconfig命令，必须具有superuser权限。
- 在一些较新的Linux发行版中，ifconfig命令已经被ip命令所取代，因此在使用ifconfig命令之前，需要先检查系统是否支持该命令。
- ifconfig命令被用于配置和显示Linux内核中网络接口的网络参数。
3. ifconfig命令特点
ifconfig命令是在UNIX和类UNIX系统中常用的命令，它用于配置网络接口参数。以下是ifconfig命令的特点：
-
显示网络接口的状态：ifconfig命令可以显示网络接口（如网卡）的状态信息，包括IP地址、MAC地址、子网掩码、广播地址等。
-
配置网络接口参数：ifconfig命令可以配置网络接口参数，如设置IP地址、子网掩码、广播地址等。
-
显示网络接口统计信息：ifconfig命令可以显示网络接口的统计信息，如收发数据包的数量、错误数量等。
-
支持IPv4和IPv6协议：ifconfig命令支持IPv4和IPv6协议，可以用于配置和管理IPv4和IPv6网络接口。
-
可以启用和禁用网络接口：ifconfig命令可以启用和禁用网络接口，例如禁用无线网卡等。
-
可以用于调试网络问题：ifconfig命令可以用于调试网络问题，例如查看网络接口是否正常工作、是否配置正确等。
二、ifconfig命令的使用方法
1. 查看ifconfig的帮助信息
在centos7.6中，使用ifconfig --help，查看ifconfig帮助信息。
[root@jeven ~]# ifconfig --help
Usage:
ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
[add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
[netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]
[outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
[hw <HW> <address>] [mtu <NN>]
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
[multicast] [[-]promisc]
[mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]
[txqueuelen <NN>]
[[-]dynamic]
[up|down] ...
<HW>=Hardware Type.
List of possible hardware types:
loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)
infiniband (InfiniBand) eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
<AF>=Address family. Default: inet
List of possible address families:
unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)
ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)
2. ifconfig的使用帮助
以下是ifconfig的使用参数
ifconfig [网络接口] [选项]
add<地址>：设置网络设备IPv6的ip地址；
del<地址>：删除网络设备IPv6的IP地址；
down：关闭指定的网络设备；
<hw<网络设备类型><硬件地址>：设置网络设备的类型与硬件地址；
io_addr<I/O地址>：设置网络设备的I/O地址；
irq<IRQ地址>：设置网络设备的IRQ；
media<网络媒介类型>：设置网络设备的媒介类型；
mem_start<内存地址>：设置网络设备在主内存所占用的起始地址；
metric<数目>：指定在计算数据包的转送次数时，所要加上的数目；
mtu<字节>：设置网络设备的MTU；
netmask<子网掩码>：设置网络设备的子网掩码；
tunnel<地址>：建立IPv4与IPv6之间的隧道通信地址；
up：启动指定的网络设备；
-broadcast<地址>：将要送往指定地址的数据包当成广播数据包来处理；
-pointopoint<地址>：与指定地址的网络设备建立直接连线，此模式具有保密功能；
-promisc：关闭或启动指定网络设备的promiscuous模式；
三、安装ifconfig命令工具
1. 安装net-tools软件包
ifconfig命令的软件包在centos7.6中为net-tools
[root@docker yum.repos.d]# yum -y install net-tools
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package net-tools.x86_64 0:2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
net-tools x86_64 2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7 base 306 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 306 k
Installed size: 917 k
Downloading packages:
net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64.rpm | 306 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
net-tools.x86_64 0:2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7
Complete!
2. 查看ifconfig工具的版本
使用ifconfig -V，查看版本情况。
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig -V
net-tools 2.10-alpha
四、ifconfig的基本使用
1. 启停网卡
ifconfig eth0 up为启动网卡eth0，ifconfig eth0 down为关闭网卡eth0。
ifconfig eth0 up # 启动网卡eth0
ifconfig eth0 down # 关闭网卡eth0
2. 显示eth0网卡信息
单独显示eth0网卡信息
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.127 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb::83b prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::3bde:d1ba:1b78:4dbd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb:0:ff42:9e46:82f5:7a5f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2321266 bytes 571440099 (544.9 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 30683 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 468692 bytes 53519750 (51.0 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
3. 设置最大传输单元
设置能通过的最大数据包大小为 1500 bytes
fconfig eth0 mtu 1500
4. 启用和关闭arp协议
对eth0网卡启用和关闭arp协议
ifconfig eth0 arp #开启网卡eth0 的arp协议
ifconfig eth0 -arp #关闭网卡eth0 的arp协议
5. 查看所有已激活网卡信息
使用ifconfig命令显示所有已激活网卡信息
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255
ether 02:42:fe:57:e3:ac txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.127 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb::83b prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::3bde:d1ba:1b78:4dbd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb:0:ff42:9e46:82f5:7a5f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2482 bytes 445608 (435.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 39 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1529 bytes 391681 (382.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 14 bytes 2683 (2.6 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14 bytes 2683 (2.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
6. 查看所有网卡网卡信息
查看所有网卡（包括未激活）网卡信息
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig -a
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255
ether 02:42:fe:57:e3:ac txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.127 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb::83b prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::3bde:d1ba:1b78:4dbd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb:0:ff42:9e46:82f5:7a5f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2579 bytes 454207 (443.5 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 41 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1553 bytes 395235 (385.9 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 14 bytes 2683 (2.6 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14 bytes 2683 (2.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
五、配置IP地址
1. 设置网卡的IP地址
对eth0物理网卡配置IP地址。注意ssh连接时，设置后立即生效，单网卡情况下会断开连接。此设置是临时生效，重启服务器后，网卡恢复为原来的IP地址。
ifconfig eth0 192.168.200.200 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.200.255
2. 新增网卡的IP地址
对网卡eth0新增IP，临时生效。
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig eth0 add 192.168.200.200 netmask 255.255.255.0
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255
ether 02:42:dc:0d:79:4b txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.127 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb::83b prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::3bde:d1ba:1b78:4dbd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb:0:ff42:9e46:82f5:7a5f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1341 bytes 327185 (319.5 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 21 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1253 bytes 362959 (354.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.200.200 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 28 bytes 4337 (4.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 28 bytes 4337 (4.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
3. 删除网卡的IP地址
删除网卡的IP地址，临时生效。
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig eth0 del 192.168.200.200 netmask 255.255.255.0
[root@docker ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255
ether 02:42:dc:0d:79:4b txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.3.127 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.3.255
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb::83b prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::3bde:d1ba:1b78:4dbd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 fd58:bc95:d4fb:0:ff42:9e46:82f5:7a5f prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether ee:99:c7:4b:23:e2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1547 bytes 344429 (336.3 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 23 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1359 bytes 374005 (365.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 28 bytes 4337 (4.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 28 bytes 4337 (4.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
4. 修改MAC地址
用ifconfig修改MAC地址，临时生效。
ifconfig eth0 hw ether 10:BA:CB:54:86:B3
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