一、PCI
PCI接口分为32bit和64bit两种,32bit就是一般台式机使用的普通的pci接口(图一、图三),64bit接口比32bit接口长一些一般只出现在服务器上(图四、图五)。32bit和64bit都有5v和3.3v电压两种,5v电压的是PCI2.1标准的时钟频率为33MHz,3.3v电压的是PCI2.2标准以后出现的可以工作在66MHz的时钟频率上。不过现在一般来说,卡和插槽都做成可以同时兼容两种电压的版本,也都有防插错设计,只要能插上都是可以工作,不过工作在哪种时钟频率上就要分析一下了。32bit的pci接口生命力很顽强,即使现在最新的主板上也会留几个插槽,不过64bit的PCI接口好像在服务器上也是昙花一现基本被淘汰了。
1、32Bit PCI

图一 32Bit 5v pci 网卡

图二 最上边是兼容5v和3.3v,中间是5v电压的,最下边的是3.3v电压的

图三 传统的5v PCI 插槽
2、64Bit PCI
64bit比32bit要长一些,也分为5v,3.3v,和兼容两种电压的

图四

图五 64bit PCI插槽
二、PCI-X
PCI-X在外形上和64bit的PCI基本上是一样的,但是它们使用的是不同的标准,PCI-X的插槽可以兼容PCI的卡(通过针脚区分),PCI-X也是共享总线的,插多个设备传输速率会下降。PCI-X一般只出现在服务器主板上,不过现在也逐步被PCI-E取代,很多厂商的服务器都已经不提供PCI-X的插槽了。

图六

图七
三、PCI-E
PCI Express是INTEL提出的新一代的总线接口,PCI Express采用了目前业内流行的点对点串行连接,比起PCI以及更早期的计算机总线的共享并行架构,每个设备都有自己的专用连接,不需要向整个总线请求带宽,而且可以把数据传输率提高到一个很高的频率,达到PCI所不能提供的高带宽。相对于传统PCI总线在单一时间周期内只能实现单向传输,PCI Express的双单工连接能提供更高的传输速率和质量。PCI-E插槽是可以向下兼容的,比如PCI-E 16X插槽可以插8X、4X、1X的卡。现在的服务器一般都会提供多个8X、4X的接口,已取代以前的PCI-X接口。

图八 从上到下依次是PCI-E 4X、PCI-E 16X、PCI-E 1X

图九 PCI-E 1X的网卡

图十 PCI-E 4X的双端口网卡

图十一 PCI-E 16X的显卡
四、总结
标准 | 总线 | 时钟 | 传输速度 |
PCI 32bit | 32bit | 33MHz
66MHz | 133Mb/s
266Mb/s |
PCI 64bit | 64bit | 33MHz
66MHz | 266Mb/s
533Mb/s |
PCI-X | 64bit | 66MHz
100MHz
133MHz | 533Mb/s
800Mb/s
1066Mb/s |
PCI-E X1 | 8bit | 2.5GHz | 512Mb/s(双工) |
PCI-E X4 | 8bit | 2.5GHz | 2Gb/s(双工) |
PCI-E X8 | 8bit | 2.5GHz | 4Gb/s(双工) |
PCI-E X16 | 8bit | 2.5GHz | 8Gb/s(双工) |
1x,4x,8x,16x的PCI-E卡及插槽规格兼容简述
PCI-E是PCI Express的简称。PCI Express 2.0是新一代的总线接口技术。(也不会新多久了,会被PCI Express 3.0规范取代)PCI Express的接口根据总线位宽不同而有所差异,包括X1、X4、X8以及X16(X2模式将用于内部接口而非插槽模式)。较短的PCI
Express卡可以插入较长的PCI Express插槽中使用。PCI Express接口能够支持热拔插。(没插拔玩过)PCI Express卡支持的三种电压分别为+3.3V、3.3Vaux以及+12V。用于取代AGP接口的PCI
Express接口位宽为X16,将能够提供5GB/s的带宽,且支持双向数据传输,即便有编码上的损耗但也远远超过AGP 8X的2.1GB/s的带宽。
PCI Express规格从1条通道连接到32条通道连接,有非常强的伸缩性,以满足不同系统设备对数据传输带宽不同的需求。例如,PCI Express X1规格支持双向数据传输,每向数据传输带宽250MB/s,PCI Express X1已经可以满足主流声效芯片、网卡芯片和存储设备对数据传输带宽的需求,但是远远无法满足图形芯片对数据传输带宽的需求。因此,必须采用PCI
Express X16,即16条点对点数据传输通道连接来取代传统的AGP总线,优势差异十分明显。
尽管PCI Express技术规格允许实现X1(250MB/秒),X2,X4,X8,X12,X16和X32通道规格,但是依目前形式来看,PCI
Express X16将成为PCI Express主流规格,同时芯片组厂商将在南桥芯片当中添加对PCI Express X1的支持,在北桥芯片当中添加对PCI Express X16的支持。除去提供极高数据传输带宽之外,PCI Express因为采用串行数据包方式传递数据,所以PCI
Express接口每个针脚可以获得比传统I/O标准更多的带宽,这样就可以降低PCI Express设备生产成本和体积。另外,PCI Express也支持高阶电源管理,支持热插拔,支持数据同步传输,为优先传输数据进行带宽优化。
上图中的主板1x/4x/8x(橙色)/16x插槽均有
PCI-E的短卡均可以插在长插槽上,长卡方面除16X的板卡由于太长不能插到1X/4X的槽里,其它也可互相兼容。(长卡插短插槽未实际测试)实现插槽和板卡之间的全兼容。
二、PCI金手指定义
PCI 标准 32位/64位 接口卡大概就是下面的样子,由于pci接口拥有无与伦比的传输速度,在各个方面得到了非常广泛的应用
----------------------------------------------------------------
| PCI 元件侧 (B面) |
| |
| |
| |
| ____ 32 位引脚部分 64 位引脚部分 ___|
|___| |||||||--|||||||||||||||||--|||||||--||||||||||||||
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
b01 b11 b14 b49 b52 b62 b63 b94
PCI 5V 32/64位卡
| optional |
| ____ 32 位引脚部分 64 位引脚部分 ___|
|___| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||--|||||||--||||||||||||||
PCI 3.3V 32/64位卡
| optional |
| ____ 32 位引脚部分 64 位引脚部分 ___|
|___| |||||||--||||||||||||||||||||||||||--||||||||||||||
Pin
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Universal
|
Description
|
---|
A1
|
TRST
|
|
|
Test Logic Reset
|
A2
|
+12V
|
|
|
+12 VDC
|
A3
|
TMS
|
|
|
Test Mde Select
|
A4
|
TDI
|
|
|
Test Data Input
|
A5
|
+5V
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
A6
|
INTA
|
|
|
Interrupt A
|
A7
|
INTC
|
|
|
Interrupt C
|
A8
|
+5V
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
A9
|
RESV01
|
|
|
Reserved VDC
|
A10
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A11
|
RESV03
|
|
|
Reserved VDC
|
A12
|
GND03
|
(OPEN)
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
A13
|
GND05
|
(OPEN)
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
A14
|
RESV05
|
|
|
Reserved VDC
|
A15
|
RESET
|
|
|
Reset
|
A16
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A17
|
GNT
|
|
|
Grant PCI use
|
A18
|
GND08
|
|
|
Ground
|
A19
|
RESV06
|
|
|
Reserved VDC
|
A20
|
AD30
|
|
|
Address/Data 30
|
A21
|
+3.3V01
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A22
|
AD28
|
|
|
Address/Data 28
|
A23
|
AD26
|
|
|
Address/Data 26
|
A24
|
GND10
|
|
|
Ground
|
A25
|
AD24
|
|
|
Address/Data 24
|
A26
|
IDSEL
|
|
|
Initialization Device Select
|
A27
|
+3.3V03
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A28
|
AD22
|
|
|
Address/Data 22
|
A29
|
AD20
|
|
|
Address/Data 20
|
A30
|
GND12
|
|
|
Ground
|
A31
|
AD18
|
|
|
Address/Data 18
|
A32
|
AD16
|
|
|
Address/Data 16
|
A33
|
+3.3V05
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A34
|
FRAME
|
|
|
Address or Data phase
|
A35
|
GND14
|
|
|
Ground
|
A36
|
TRDY
|
|
|
Target Ready
|
A37
|
GND15
|
|
|
Ground
|
A38
|
STOP
|
|
|
Stop Transfer Cycle
|
A39
|
+3.3V07
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A40
|
SDONE
|
|
|
Snoop Done
|
A41
|
SBO
|
|
|
Snoop Backoff
|
A42
|
GND17
|
|
|
Ground
|
A43
|
PAR
|
|
|
Parity
|
A44
|
AD15
|
|
|
Address/Data 15
|
A45
|
+3.3V10
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A46
|
AD13
|
|
|
Address/Data 13
|
A47
|
AD11
|
|
|
Address/Data 11
|
A48
|
GND19
|
|
|
Ground
|
A49
|
AD9
|
|
|
Address/Data 9
|
A52
|
C/BE0
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 0
|
A53
|
+3.3V11
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
A54
|
AD6
|
|
|
Address/Data 6
|
A55
|
AD4
|
|
|
Address/Data 4
|
A56
|
GND21
|
|
|
Ground
|
A57
|
AD2
|
|
|
Address/Data 2
|
A58
|
AD0
|
|
|
Address/Data 0
|
A59
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A60
|
REQ64
|
|
|
Request 64 bit ???
|
A61
|
VCC11
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
A62
|
VCC13
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
|
|
|
|
|
A63
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A64
|
C/BE[7]#
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 7
|
A65
|
C/BE[5]#
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 5
|
A66
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A67
|
PAR64
|
|
|
Parity 64 ???
|
A68
|
AD62
|
|
|
Address/Data 62
|
A69
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A70
|
AD60
|
|
|
Address/Data 60
|
A71
|
AD58
|
|
|
Address/Data 58
|
A72
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A73
|
AD56
|
|
|
Address/Data 56
|
A74
|
AD54
|
|
|
Address/Data 54
|
A75
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A76
|
AD52
|
|
|
Address/Data 52
|
A77
|
AD50
|
|
|
Address/Data 50
|
A78
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A79
|
AD48
|
|
|
Address/Data 48
|
A80
|
AD46
|
|
|
Address/Data 46
|
A81
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A82
|
AD44
|
|
|
Address/Data 44
|
A83
|
AD42
|
|
|
Address/Data 42
|
A84
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
A85
|
AD40
|
|
|
Address/Data 40
|
A86
|
AD38
|
|
|
Address/Data 38
|
A87
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A88
|
AD36
|
|
|
Address/Data 36
|
A89
|
AD34
|
|
|
Address/Data 34
|
A90
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A91
|
AD32
|
|
|
Address/Data 32
|
A92
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved
|
A93
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
A94
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved
|
|
|
|
|
|
B1
|
-12V
|
|
|
-12 VDC
|
B2
|
TCK
|
|
|
Test Clock
|
B3
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B4
|
TDO
|
|
|
Test Data Output
|
B5
|
+5V
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
B6
|
+5V
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
B7
|
INTB
|
|
|
Interrupt B
|
B8
|
INTD
|
|
|
Interrupt D
|
B9
|
PRSNT1
|
|
|
Reserved
|
B10
|
RES
|
|
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
B11
|
PRSNT2
|
|
|
??
|
B12
|
GND
|
(OPEN)
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
B13
|
GND
|
(OPEN)
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
B14
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved VDC
|
B15
|
GND
|
|
|
Reset
|
B16
|
CLK
|
|
|
Clock
|
B17
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B18
|
REQ
|
|
|
Request
|
B19
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
B20
|
AD31
|
|
|
Address/Data 31
|
B21
|
AD29
|
|
|
Address/Data 29
|
B22
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B23
|
AD27
|
|
|
Address/Data 27
|
B24
|
AD25
|
|
|
Address/Data 25
|
B25
|
+3.3V
|
|
|
+3.3VDC
|
B26
|
C/BE3
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 3
|
B27
|
AD23
|
|
|
Address/Data 23
|
B28
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B29
|
AD21
|
|
|
Address/Data 21
|
B30
|
AD19
|
|
|
Address/Data 19
|
B31
|
+3.3V
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
B32
|
AD17
|
|
|
Address/Data 17
|
B33
|
C/BE2
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 2
|
B34
|
GND13
|
|
|
Ground
|
B35
|
IRDY
|
|
|
Initiator Ready
|
B36
|
+3.3V06
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
B37
|
DEVSEL
|
|
|
Device Select
|
B38
|
GND16
|
|
|
Ground
|
B39
|
LOCK
|
|
|
Lock bus
|
B40
|
PERR
|
|
|
Parity Error
|
B41
|
+3.3V08
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
B42
|
SERR
|
|
|
System Error
|
B43
|
+3.3V09
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
B44
|
C/BE1
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 1
|
B45
|
AD14
|
|
|
Address/Data 14
|
B46
|
GND18
|
|
|
Ground
|
B47
|
AD12
|
|
|
Address/Data 12
|
B48
|
AD10
|
|
|
Address/Data 10
|
B49
|
GND20
|
|
|
Ground
|
B50
|
(OPEN)
|
GND
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
B51
|
(OPEN)
|
GND
|
(OPEN)
|
Ground or Open (Key)
|
B52
|
AD8
|
|
|
Address/Data 8
|
B53
|
AD7
|
|
|
Address/Data 7
|
B54
|
+3.3V12
|
|
|
+3.3 VDC
|
B55
|
AD5
|
|
|
Address/Data 5
|
B56
|
AD3
|
|
|
Address/Data 3
|
B57
|
GND22
|
|
|
Ground
|
B58
|
AD1
|
|
|
Address/Data 1
|
B59
|
VCC08
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
B60
|
ACK64
|
|
|
Acknowledge 64 bit ???
|
B61
|
VCC10
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
B62
|
VCC12
|
|
|
+5 VDC
|
|
|
|
|
|
B63
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved
|
B64
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B65
|
C/BE[6]#
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 6
|
B66
|
C/BE[4]#
|
|
|
Command, Byte Enable 4
|
B67
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B68
|
AD63
|
|
|
Address/Data 63
|
B69
|
AD61
|
|
|
Address/Data 61
|
B70
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
B71
|
AD59
|
|
|
Address/Data 59
|
B72
|
AD57
|
|
|
Address/Data 57
|
B73
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B74
|
AD55
|
|
|
Address/Data 55
|
B75
|
AD53
|
|
|
Address/Data 53
|
B76
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B77
|
AD51
|
|
|
Address/Data 51
|
B78
|
AD49
|
|
|
Address/Data 49
|
B79
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
B80
|
AD47
|
|
|
Address/Data 47
|
B81
|
AD45
|
|
|
Address/Data 45
|
B82
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B83
|
AD43
|
|
|
Address/Data 43
|
B84
|
AD41
|
|
|
Address/Data 41
|
B85
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B86
|
AD39
|
|
|
Address/Data 39
|
B87
|
AD37
|
|
|
Address/Data 37
|
B88
|
+5V
|
+3.3V
|
Signal Rail
|
+V I/O (+5 V or +3.3 V)
|
B89
|
AD35
|
|
|
Address/Data 35
|
B90
|
AD33
|
|
|
Address/Data 33
|
B91
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
B92
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved
|
B93
|
RES
|
|
|
Reserved
|
B94
|
GND
|
|
|
Ground
|
|