Codeforces 451E Devu and Flowers 容斥原理

本文详细解析了Codeforces451E题目“Devu and Flowers”的解题思路,利用状态压缩和容斥原理,通过隔板法计算选取特定数量花朵的不同组合方式。
               

题目链接:Codeforces 451E Devu and Flowers

题目大意:有n个花坛,要选s支花,每个花坛有f[i]支花。同一个花坛的花颜色相同,不同花坛的花颜色不同,问说可以有多少种组合。

解题思路:2n的状态,枚举说那些花坛的花取超过了,剩下的用C(n−1sum+n−1)隔板法计算个数,注意奇数的位置要用减的,偶数的位置用加的,容斥原理。

#include <cstdio>#include <cstring>#include <cmath>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;typedef long long ll;//ll n, m, p;ll qPow (ll a, ll k, ll p) {    ll ans = 1;    while (k) {        if (k&1)            ans = (ans * a) % p;        a = (a * a) % p;        k /= 2;    }    return ans;}ll C (ll a, ll b, ll p) {    if (a < b)        return 0;    if (b > a - b)        b = a - b;    ll up = 1, down = 1;    for (ll i = 0; i < b; i++) {        up = up * (a-i) % p;        down = down * (i+1) % p;    }    return up * qPow(down, p-2, p) % p; // 逆元}ll lucas (ll a, ll b, ll p) {    if (b == 0)        return 1;    return C(a%p, b%p, p) * lucas(a/p, b/p, p) % p;}const int maxn = 25;const ll mod = 1e9+7;int n;ll s, f[maxn];ll solve () {    ll ans = 0;    for (int i = 0; i < (1<<n); i++) {        ll sign = 1, sum = s;        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {            if (i&(1<<j)) {                sum -= (f[j]+1);                sign *= -1;            }        }        if (sum < 0)            continue;        ans += sign * lucas(sum + n - 1, n - 1, mod);        ans %= mod;    }    return (ans + mod) % mod;}int main () {    scanf("%d%lld", &n, &s);    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)        scanf("%lld", &f[i]);    printf("%lld\n", solve());    return 0;}
           

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### Codeforces 887E Problem Solution and Discussion The problem **887E - The Great Game** on Codeforces involves a strategic game between two players who take turns to perform operations under specific rules. To tackle this challenge effectively, understanding both dynamic programming (DP) techniques and bitwise manipulation is crucial. #### Dynamic Programming Approach One effective method to approach this problem utilizes DP with memoization. By defining `dp[i][j]` as the optimal result when starting from state `(i,j)` where `i` represents current position and `j` indicates some status flag related to previous moves: ```cpp #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int MAXN = ...; // Define based on constraints int dp[MAXN][2]; // Function to calculate minimum steps using top-down DP int minSteps(int pos, bool prevMoveType) { if (pos >= N) return 0; if (dp[pos][prevMoveType] != -1) return dp[pos][prevMoveType]; int res = INT_MAX; // Try all possible next positions and update 'res' for (...) { /* Logic here */ } dp[pos][prevMoveType] = res; return res; } ``` This code snippet outlines how one might structure a solution involving recursive calls combined with caching results through an array named `dp`. #### Bitwise Operations Insight Another critical aspect lies within efficiently handling large integers via bitwise operators instead of arithmetic ones whenever applicable. This optimization can significantly reduce computation time especially given tight limits often found in competitive coding challenges like those hosted by platforms such as Codeforces[^1]. For detailed discussions about similar problems or more insights into solving strategies specifically tailored towards contest preparation, visiting forums dedicated to algorithmic contests would be beneficial. Websites associated directly with Codeforces offer rich resources including editorials written after each round which provide comprehensive explanations alongside alternative approaches taken by successful contestants during live events. --related questions-- 1. What are common pitfalls encountered while implementing dynamic programming solutions? 2. How does bit manipulation improve performance in algorithms dealing with integer values? 3. Can you recommend any online communities focused on discussing competitive programming tactics? 4. Are there particular patterns that frequently appear across different levels of difficulty within Codeforces contests?
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