On the Cross-lingual Consistency of Text Watermark for Large Language Models

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本文探讨了文本水印在翻译后保持有效性的跨语言一致性问题,发现现有技术在不同语言间存在不一致。提出了跨语言水印去除攻击(CWRA)并分析了影响一致性的关键因素,提出防御策略X-SIR,增强了水印的鲁棒性。

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Can Watermarks Survive Translation? On the Cross-lingual Consistency of Text Watermark for Large Language Models》的翻译。

水印能在翻译中幸存吗?大型语言模型中文本水印的跨语言一致性研究

摘要

文本水印技术旨在标记和识别大型语言模型(LLM)产生的内容,以防止误用。在这项研究中,我们在文本水印中引入了“跨语言一致性”的概念,该概念评估文本水印在被翻译成其他语言后保持其有效性的能力。两种LLM和三种水印方法的初步实验结果表明,当前的文本水印技术在将文本翻译成各种语言时缺乏一致性。基于这一观察结果,我们提出了一种跨语言水印去除攻击(CWRA),通过首先从枢轴语言的LLM获得响应,然后将其翻译成目标语言来绕过水印。CWRA可以通过将曲线下面积(AUC)从0.95降低到0.67来有效地去除水印,而不会造成性能损失。此外,我们分析了影响文本水印跨语言一致性的两个关键因素,并提出了一种在CWRA下将AUC从0.67提高到0.88的防御方法。

1 引言

2 背景

3 文本水印的跨语言一致性

4 跨语言水印去除攻击

5 提高跨语言一致性

6 相关工作

7 结论

这项工作旨在研究LLM水印方法的跨语言一致性。我们首先对LL

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Here are some methods to defend against cross - lingual prompt injection: ### Input Validation and Sanitization - **Character and Syntax Checks**: Validate the input to ensure it only contains expected characters and follows the correct syntax for the language and the system's requirements. For example, if the system expects only alphanumeric characters in a certain field, reject inputs with special characters that could be used for injection. ```python import re def validate_input(input_str): pattern = r'^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$' return bool(re.match(pattern, input_str)) input_text = "validinput123" if validate_input(input_text): print("Input is valid.") else: print("Input may be malicious.") ``` - **Length Limitation**: Set reasonable length limits for user inputs. Long inputs may be more likely to contain malicious injection attempts. ### Encoding and Escaping - **Proper Encoding**: Use appropriate encoding for user inputs, such as UTF - 8. This can prevent some encoding - related injection attacks. - **Escaping Special Characters**: Escape special characters in the input to prevent them from being interpreted as part of a malicious command. For example, in SQL, characters like single quotes (' ) need to be properly escaped. ```python import sqlite3 def escape_input(input_str): return input_str.replace("'", "''") input_text = "O'Connor" escaped_text = escape_input(input_text) conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db') cursor = conn.cursor() query = f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '{escaped_text}'" cursor.execute(query) ``` ### Context - Aware Filtering - **Understand the Context**: Analyze the context in which the input is used. For example, if the input is used in a translation context, filter out words or phrases that are not relevant to normal translation requests and may be injection attempts. - **Language - Specific Rules**: Apply language - specific rules and filters. Different languages have different grammar, vocabulary, and common patterns. Use these to identify abnormal inputs. ### Model - Based Detection - **Anomaly Detection Models**: Train machine learning or deep learning models to detect abnormal patterns in user inputs. These models can be trained on a large dataset of normal and malicious inputs. ```python import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense # Assume X_train and y_train are pre - processed training data model = Sequential([ Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(input_dim,)), Dense(32, activation='relu'), Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') ]) model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy']) model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32) ``` ### Isolation and Sandboxing - **Isolate User Inputs**: Run operations involving user inputs in isolated environments or sandboxes. This can prevent malicious code from affecting the main system. For example, use containerization technologies like Docker to isolate translation tasks.
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