For most people in the study, the only thing that changed in their lives was that some researchers tried to ________ them to do something
new.
A) demonstrate B) convince √ C) refute D) satisfy
句子翻译为：在研究中，对大多数人来说，唯一改变他们生活的事情是一些研究人员试图______他们去做一些新事物。
单词解释：
-
A) demonstrate：演示，指展示或证明某事，通常不适合在此句中。
-
B) convince：说服，指使某人相信或接受某个观点，适合用在此句中。
-
C) refute：反驳，指驳斥某个观点，与句意不符。
-
D) satisfy：满足，指使某人感到满意，也不适合用在此句中。
因此，最合适的选项是 B) convince。
The 7301 participants ________ individuals > 50 years of age and their spouses of any age.
A) contained B) consisted C) comprised √ D) concluded
句子翻译为：这7301名参与者______年龄超过50岁的个人及任何年龄的配偶。
单词解释：
-
A) contained：包含，通常指某物内部有其他物，但不太适合用在此句中。
-
B) consisted：由…组成，适合用来描述组成部分，但不如“comprised”常用。
-
C) comprised：构成，指整体由部分组成，适合用在此句中。
-
D) concluded：结束，指结束某事，完全不适合用在此句中。
因此，最合适的选项是 C) comprised。
Marine construction technology is very complex, somewhat _____ to trying to building a bridge under water.
A) specific B) analogous √ C) peculiar D) comparative
句子翻译为：海洋建筑技术非常复杂，有点_____于尝试在水下建造桥梁。
单词解释：
-
A) specific：特定的，指某种特定的性质或特征，不太适合用在此句中。
-
B) analogous：类似的，指与某事物相似或可类比，适合用在此句中。
-
C) peculiar：独特的，指与众不同的，通常带有负面含义，不适合在此句中。
-
D) comparative：比较的，指对比或比较的性质，不适合用在此句中。
因此，最合适的选项是 B) analogous。
If schooling is a training in expression and communication, college is ________ the establishment of broad convictions.
A) abundantly B) significantly C) essentially √ D) possibly
句子翻译为：如果教育是表达和沟通的训练，那么大学______建立广泛的信念。
单词解释：
-
A) abundantly：丰富地，指大量或充分，但不适合用在此句中。
-
B) significantly：显著地，指有重要意义，但不如“essentially”合适。
-
C) essentially：本质上，指事物的基本性质，适合用在此句中。
-
D) possibly：可能地，指有可能发生，但不适合在此句中。
因此，最合适的选项是 C) essentially。
Although most Asian students have good grammatical competence, they complain of the inability to speak, whereas European students often
have the ________ complaint.
A) subjective B) upset C) reverse √ D) optional
句子翻译为：尽管大多数亚洲学生在语法能力上表现良好，他们抱怨无法说话，而欧洲学生往往有______的抱怨。
单词解释：
-
A) subjective：主观的，指基于个人观点或感受，不适合用在此句中。
-
B) upset：烦恼的，通常指情绪上的不快，不适合在此句中。
-
C) reverse：相反的，指与前面提到的情况相对，适合用在此句中。
-
D) optional：可选择的，指不是强制的，不适合用在此句中。
因此，最合适的选项是 C) reverse。
Finally, the VAERS deaths reported so far are for the very short term. We have no idea what the death numbers will be in the intermediate and long term; the clinical trials did not test for those. In a large, population-based study on nearly 400,000 individuals, we found that higher baseline participation in physical exercise was associated with a significantly lower risk of the development of depression, one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. The waste anaerobic digestion (AD) proved to be an efficient technology for sewage sludge treatment that allows the generation of biogas as renewable energy from the same process. It should also be noted that the consensus varied from 0.40 to 0.56, implying that there was neither perfect disagreement nor perfect agreement between the respondents regarding the effectiveness of online learning. A second wave of the epidemic was observed on September 24, 2018, and can be explained by the unpredictable violent attacks on health teams and community members in the Ebola-affected areas, hampering epidemiological surveillance efforts.
最后，到目前为止，VAERS报告的死亡人数是非常短期的。我们不知道中期和长期的死亡人数会是多少；临床试验没有测试这些数字。在一项针对近400,000人的大型人群研究中，我们发现较高的基线体育锻炼参与与抑郁症（最普遍的精神疾病之一）的发展风险显著降低相关。废物厌氧消化（AD）被证明是污水污泥处理的有效技术，可以从同一过程中产生沼气作为可再生能源。还应该注意的是，共识从0.40到0.56不等，这意味着受访者之间对在线学习的有效性既没有完全的分歧，也没有完全的一致。2018年9月24日观察到第二波疫情，这可以解释为埃博拉病毒影响地区对卫生团队和社区成员的不可预测的暴力袭击，阻碍了流行病学监测工作。
In art criticism, people must assume that the artist has a secret message hidden within the work so as to explore the deeper interpretation of the masterpiece. No one seems to doubt that the American dollar will eventually crash and burn along with many other currencies, but no one seems to have any real idea of what “should” replace it. The primary aim was to analyze the influence of the second-opinion system on guideline implementation with a view to improving the quality of care. The appropriate people to blame here are those who allowed these security measures to be pushed through without adequate training. The influence of review valence has received considerable attention from both scholars and practitioners (e.g., Lee and Youn 2009); however, findings regarding the role of review valence on consumers’ evaluations are not straightforward.
在艺术批评中，人们必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏着一个秘密信息，以便探索对杰作的更深层次的解释。似乎没有人怀疑美元最终会与许多其他货币一起崩溃和燃烧，但似乎没有人真正知道什么“应该”取代它。主要目的是分析第二意见系统对指导方针实施的影响，以期提高护理质量。这里要指责的适当的人是那些允许这些安全措施在没有经过充分培训的情况下通过的人。评论效价的影响受到了学者和实践者的相当多的关注（例如Lee and Youn 2009）；然而，关于评论效价对消费者评价的作用的发现并不简单。
There is high scientific confidence that processes associated with climate change affect human health, exacerbating existing global health challenges and creating new ones. Climate change, which has been characterized as the biggest global health threat in the 21st century, negatively impacts health outcomes, from changing disease patterns to food insecurity and mental health issues. Responses to climate change include mitigation and adaptation. Adaptation refers to activities that “moderate potential damages or benefit from opportunities associated with climate change,” while mitigation aims to lessen the severity of climate change by reducing fossil fuel emissions. It is important to link climate change mitigation policies with explicit positive health benefits. The consideration of health co-benefits and co-harms in climate policy could lead to immediate and continual net benefits globally. Research has suggested that the benefits of health gains alone could exceed the cost of implementing mitigation actions.
有高度的科学信心表明，与气候变化相关的过程影响人类健康，加剧现有的全球健康挑战并创造新的挑战。气候变化被描述为 21 世纪最大的全球健康威胁，对健康结果产生负面影响，从改变疾病模式到粮食不安全和心理健康问题。对气候变化的应对包括减缓与适应。适应是指“缓和与气候变化相关的潜在损害或从机会中获益”的活动，而减缓旨在通过减少化石燃料排放来减轻气候变化的严重程度。将气候变化减缓政策与明确的积极健康益处联系起来很重要。在气候政策中考虑健康的共同益处和共同危害可能在全球范围内带来直接和持续的净收益。研究表明，仅健康收益的好处就可能超过实施减缓行动的成本。
Para. 1
Many bird species, including those of early successional habitats and those of small tree-fall gaps within mature forest, select disturbed habitats during some portion of the year (Hunter et al. 2001). Several studies have documented greater bird abundance in forest canopy gaps created by natural treefalls (Willson et al. 1982, Blake and Hoppes 1986, Martin and Karr 1986) or group-selection harvest (Kilgo et al. 1999, Moorman and Guynn 2001) than in the mature forest surrounding gaps. Some mature-forest breeders shift into more densely vegetated habitats between breeding and post-breeding periods (Anders et al. 1998; Vega Rivera et al. 1998, 2003; Pagen et al. 2000; Vitz and Rodewald 2006). Birds use a variety of forested habitats during migratory periods (Petit 2000, Rodewald and Brittingham 2002), but mature-forest edges and early-succession habitats may experience relatively greater use (Rodewald and Brittingham 2004). Reasons for greater use of disturbed habitats by birds during certain periods remain speculative, but abundant food and protection from predators have been proposed (Marshall et al. 2003).
Para. 2
Arthropod populations are also influenced by season and habitat type (Johnson and Sherry 2001, Greenberg and Forrest 2003) as well as canopy gap size (Shure and Phillips 1991). It should be advantageous for birds to choose sites with the greatest resource availability (Martin and Karr 1986), and greater invertebrate biomass has been positively correlated to bird abundance (Blake and Hoppes 1986, Holmes et al. 1986), daily nest survival rates, growth rates of nestlings (Duguay et al. 2000), and timing of warbler migration (Graber and Graber 1983). Studies of experimental prey removal have not linked decreased prey abundance with negative consequences for the local bird community (Nagy and Smith 1997, Marshall et al. 2002, Champlin et al. 2009).
Para. 3
Bowen et al. (2007) documented seasonal shifts in relative use by birds of canopy gap and forest habitat. They speculated these shifts may be driven by seasonal changes in arthropod abundance in gaps. Previous studies have not investigated seasonal shifts in avian habitat use as related to resource availability over multiple periods.
Para. 4
Our objectives were to: (1) investigate whether bird use of forest gaps was associated with arthropod abundance or vegetation structure, and (2) ascertain if shifts in relative use of gap and forest understory were related to spatial and temporal variation in arthropod abundance. We predicted positive relationships between avian habitat use and arthropod abundance (i.e., relative bird use of gap vs. forest understory will shift based on changes in local arthropod abundance) from spring migration through fall migration.
Questions and Answers
21. According to Para. 1, when will many bird species use disturbed habitats?
A) during any portion of a year
B) before breeding seasons
C) during migration periods √
D) whenever food is insufficient
答案：C
解析： 本题的考点是理解细节。选项A错误理解了第一段第一句中的"some portions of the year"; 选项B错误理解了第一段第三句中的"between breeding and post-breeding periods"; 选项D错误理解了第一段最后一句中的"abundant food"。因此，最佳答案为选项C。
22. Which statement is the best paraphrase of the underlined sentence in Para. 1?
A) Reasons for birds’ greater use of disturbed habitats in some periods are various, among which food and protection from enemies are two important ones (Marshall et al. 2003).
B) Marshall et al. (2003) proposed that food and protection from predators are two major reasons for birds to use disturbed habitats in some periods.
C) Many researchers, including Marshall et al. (2003), have investigated the reasons why birds sometimes use disturbed habitats more frequently.
D) Food and protection from predators are two issues (Marshall et al. 2003) to explore why birds use more disturbed habitats in some periods. √
答案：D
解析： 本题的考点是转述原文。选项A的逻辑（and）与原文(but)不一致；选项B和选项C均只转述了原文中的一半语义。本题的最佳答案为选项D。
23. Why does the author shift the topic from bird’s habitats (Para. 1) to arthropod populations (Para. 2)?
A) Because arthropod populations influence birds’ habitat type
B) Because arthropods are the basic natural food for birds.
C) Because arthropod populations are linked with bird abundance. √
D) Because arthropod activities affect birds’ nestling and breeding.
答案：C
解析： 本题的考点是理解细节。选项A错误理解了第二段第一句中的主动、被动关系；选项B的语义脱离了第二段的意思，过于宽泛；选项C是对第二段第二句话主旨的概括；选项D错误理解了第二段第二句话中的"growth rates of nestlings"。因此，选项C为最佳答案。
24. What is the most possible meaning of the underlined word “avian” in Para. 3?
A) related to birds √
B) related to arthropods
C) related to seasons
D) related to forests
答案：A
解析： 本题的考点是理解词汇。根据上下文，"birds habitats"是该论文的主要研究对象。因此，选项A为最佳答案。
25. What is the writing purpose of the underlined sentence in Para. 4?
A) to justify research objectives
B) to propose research hypothesis √
C) to illustrate research methods
D) to summarize research findings
答案：B
解析： 本题的考点是理解单句功能。从"predicted"这一动词可以看出本句提出了研究假设，因此，本题的最佳答案为选项B。
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