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Whether anticipating good news or bad, it turns out that most people would prefer to remain in the dark than sneak a glimpse of the future.According to research involving more than 2,000 participants, more than 85% would not want to know if their marriage would end in divorce, while a similar proportion wanted to remain ignorant of when they would die. Even for happy events, ignorance was often prized, be it in the case of Christmas gifts, or the upshot of a football match.Published in the journal Psychological Review, the research involved two face-to-face studies, one in Spain, the other in Germany.In each, just over 1,000 participants were asked a series of hypothetical questions, five around negative events, such as whether they would want to know when they would die and whether their recent marriage would last, as well as five questions around positive events, such as whether they’d want to know the sex of an unborn baby or the outcome of a recorded football match.The results of the German study revealed that just under 88% of participants said they did not want to know when they would die, almost 87% said they would not want to know if their marriage would fail, and almost 90% did not want to know when their partner would die.
无论是期待好消息还是坏消息，事实证明，大多数人宁愿蒙在鼓里，也不愿窥视未来。根据一项涉及2000多名参与者的研究，超过85%的人不想知道自己的婚姻是否会以离婚告终，而相似比例的人想对自己何时死亡保持无知。即使是对于开心的事件，无知也常常被珍视，无论是圣诞礼物的情况，还是足球比赛的结果。这项研究发表在《心理评论》杂志上，涉及两项面对面的研究，一项在西班牙，另一项在德国。在每项研究中，都有1000多名参与者被问及一系列假设性问题，其中五个围绕负面事件，比如他们是否想知道自己何时死亡以及他们最近的婚姻是否会持续，还有五个问题围绕正面事件，比如他们是否想知道未出生婴儿的性别或一场录制足球比赛的结果。德国研究的结果显示，略低于88%的参与者说他们不想知道自己何时死亡，近87%的人说他们不想知道自己的婚姻是否会失败，近90%的人不想知道伴侣何时死亡。

Text 1: Various numbers of studies have been implemented on the effectiveness of the social distancing measures in specific regions. However , the conditions regarding economic scale, political institutions or medical system etc. of each country greatly differs. Moreover , the period and the scale of COVID-19 spread in countries are also different. Therefore, the levels and the timing of the social distancing measures taken as well as the effectiveness of these measures are not the same between countries. Consequently , the effectiveness of the social distancing measures on the spread of COVID-19 should be objectively evaluated based on a data of a broader scale. The analyses focused on the relationships between the timing, the levels of the social measures and the growth or decline rate of the COVID-19 confirmed-cases in different countries are a useful reference for subsequent social measures as long as coronaviruses still exist in the community.
不同地区已经开展了多项关于社会隔离措施有效性的研究。然而，各国在经济规模、政治制度或医疗系统等方面的情况差异很大。此外，各国新冠疫情传播的时期和规模也不同。因此，各国采取的社会隔离措施的程度和时机以及这些措施的有效性并不相同。因此，应基于更广泛的数据客观评估社会隔离措施对新冠疫情传播的有效性。只要新冠病毒仍在社区中存在，聚焦于不同国家社会措施的时机、程度与新冠确诊病例增长率或下降率之间关系的分析，对后续社会措施是一个有用的参考。

Text 2: For most crop species and growing conditions, variation in final seed yield and in seed number (SN) per unit of harvest area are highly correlated (Andrade et al., 1999; Egli, 2017; Fischer, 1993). In contrast , individual seed mass is more stable within a particular species and thus less correlated with seed yield variation (Sadras, 2007). This pattern applies to soybean, even though individual seed mass tends to be more variable than in wheat and maize (Borrás et al., 2004; Egli, 2019). Hence , understanding the underlying mechanisms that underpin SN setting during the growing season is key to understand seed yield determination in soybean.
对于大多数作物品种和生长条件，最终种子产量和单位收获面积种子数量（SN）的变化是高度相关的（Andrade et al.，1999；Egli，2017；Fischer，1993）。相比之下，单个种子质量在特定物种中更稳定，因此与种子产量变化的相关性较小（Sadras，2007）。这种模式适用于大豆，尽管单个种子质量往往比小麦和玉米更易变（Borrás et al.，2004；Egli，2019）。因此，了解支撑生长季节SN形成的潜在机制是理解大豆种子产量决定的关键。

Choosing a mix from a single brand may allow you to ________ differences more consistently than randomly selecting styles from a variety of brands.
A、discern
B、dilute
C、inscribe
D、reconcile

正确答案是 A、discern。

翻译句子： 选择单一品牌的混合可能会让你比随机选择多种品牌的风格更一致地识别差异。

B、dilute

解释： 稀释，意味着减少某物的浓度或强度。通常不用于描述识别差异。
例句： Adding water will dilute the juice, making it less sweet.
（加水会稀释果汁，使其不那么甜。）

C、inscribe

解释： 刻写，指在某物上刻下文字或图案。这与识别差异无关。
例句： They decided to inscribe their names on the trophy.
（他们决定在奖杯上刻上他们的名字。）

D、reconcile

解释： 调和，指解决冲突或差异。虽然与差异相关，但不符合“识别”的意思。
例句： The two friends managed to reconcile their differences after a long discussion.
（这两个朋友经过长时间的讨论后成功调和了他们的分歧。）

The book is an unnerving, ________ look at solitude and the connections we make with the outside world.

A、contemplative
B、solitary
C、luminous
D、erratic

正确答案是 A、contemplative。

翻译句子： 这本书是对孤独以及我们与外部世界建立联系的一个令人不安的、沉思的视角。

B、solitary

解释： 孤独的，通常指一个人独处或与他人隔离。虽然与孤独相关，但不符合句子的语境。
例句： He enjoyed solitary walks in the park.
（他喜欢在公园里独自散步。）

C、luminous

解释： 发光的，通常指明亮或光辉的。这与孤独的主题不符。
例句： The stars were luminous against the dark sky.
（星星在黑暗的天空中熠熠生辉。）

D、erratic

解释： 不稳定的，指行为或情况的不规律或不可预测。这个词不适合描述对孤独的看法。
例句： His erratic driving made everyone nervous.
（他不稳定的驾驶让大家都很紧张。）

Nothing but specific experience could have given sufficient ground for a conclusion to this ________.

A、purport
B、insomnia
C、confines
D、crucible
正确答案是 A、purport。（声称；意图；主旨）

翻译句子： 只有具体的经验才能为这个意图的结论提供充分的依据。

A、purport

解释： 声称或意图，通常指表面上看起来的意义或目的。
例句： The purport of his argument was misunderstood.
（他的论点的意图被误解了。）

B、insomnia

解释： 失眠，指无法入睡或保持睡眠的状态。与句子主题无关。
例句： She struggled with insomnia for many years.
（她多年来一直饱受失眠困扰。）

C、confines

解释： 限制或边界，通常指某事物的范围或界限。与句子意思不符。
例句： The confines of the room were too small for the gathering.
（这个房间的限制对聚会来说太小了。）

D、crucible（熔炉）

Solitude activates the imagination, and invites ________.

A、introspection
B、scaffolding
C、transcription
D、bystander

正确答案是 A、introspection。

翻译句子： 孤独激发想象力，并邀请自省。

B、scaffolding

解释： 脚手架，通常指建筑或支持结构，也可以指学习中的支持系统。与句子主题不符。
例句： The workers used scaffolding to reach the roof.
（工人们使用脚手架到达屋顶。）

C、transcription

解释： 抄写或转录，通常指将口头或书面内容记录下来。与句子主题不相关。
例句： The transcription of the interview took several hours.
（采访的抄写花费了几个小时。）

D、bystander

解释： 旁观者，指在场但不参与的人。与句子主题不符。
例句： The bystander witnessed the accident but did not intervene.
（旁观者目睹了事故，但没有介入。）

The image of owls ________ intelligence in many cultures.

A、entangles
B、vivifies
C、provides
D、embodies

正确答案是 D、embodies。

翻译句子： 在许多文化中，猫头鹰的形象体现了智慧。

其他选项解释及例句：

A、entangles

解释： 使纠缠，通常指将某物缠绕或卷入。与句子意思不符。
例句： The fishing line entangled in the weeds.
（钓鱼线缠在了水草中。）

B、vivifies

解释： 使生动，意味着赋予生命或活力。虽然与形象有关，但不适合表达“体现智慧”的意思。
例句： Her stories vivify the past in a unique way.
（她的故事以独特的方式使过去生动起来。）

C、provides

解释： 提供，意味着给予或供应。虽然可以理解，但不如“embodies”准确。
例句： The organization provides support to those in need.
（该组织为有需要的人提供支持。）

In literature, researchers have developed different kinds of wind turbine designs and types of wind turbine models. All models and designs of wind turbines can be classified into two essential groups. These are horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) [[4], [5], [6], [7]]. The cost-effective energy production, low-cost maintenance, low-cost material usage, efficient and effective performance at low wind speeds are essential designing parameters for wind turbines [[2], [3], [4],[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]. Performance analysis of the wind turbine is based on the mentioned design parameters, essentially [[8], [9], [10],14]. The most crucial point is to build wind turbines that can work under the low-speed wind [[4[,[15], [16], [17]].
在文献中，研究人员开发了不同种类的风力涡轮机设计和风力涡轮机模型类型。所有的风力涡轮机模型和设计可以分为两个基本类别。它们是水平轴风力涡轮机（HAWTs）和垂直轴风力涡轮机（VAWTs）[[4], [5], [6], [7]]。具有成本效益的能源生产、低成本维护、低成本材料使用、在低风速下的高效性能是风力涡轮机的基本设计参数[[2], [3], [4], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]。风力涡轮机的性能分析主要基于上述设计参数[[8], [9], [10], 14]。最关键的一点是制造能够在低速风中工作的风力涡轮机[[4], [15], [16], [17]]。

Most studies have conceptualized teacher empowerment from two perspectives: social structural and psychological (Lee & Nie, 2014). The social structural perspective considers teacher empowerment as teachers’ power to influence school decisions (Marks & Louis, 1997; Rice & Schneider, 1994; Sweetland & Hoy, 2000). Marks and Louis (1997) identified four domains of empowerment: (a) school operations and management, (b) students’ school experiences, © teachers’ work life, and (d) control over classroom instruction. The psychological perspective defines teacher empowerment as “an individual’s psychological state” (Lee & Nie, 2014, p. 68), which includes self-efficacy, autonomy, and impact, etc. (Lee & Nie, 2014; Short & Rinehart, 1992; Squire-Kelly, 2012).
大多数研究从两个视角对教师赋权进行了概念化：社会结构视角和心理视角（李和聂，2014）。社会结构视角将教师赋权视为教师影响学校决策的权力（马克斯和路易斯，1997；赖斯和施耐德，1994；斯威特兰和霍伊，2000）。马克斯和路易斯（1997）确定了赋权的四个领域：（a）学校运营与管理，（b）学生的学校经历，（c）教师的工作生活，以及（d）对课堂教学的控制。心理视角将教师赋权定义为“个体的心理状态”（李和聂，2014，第68页），包括自我效能感、自主性和影响力等（李和聂，2014；肖特和莱因哈特，1992；斯奎尔 - 凯利，2012）。

Several theories have been used when researchers frame their research surrounding teacher leadership. These theories are generally represented by such terms as, teacher leadership, teacher empowerment, and distributed leadership (Wenner & Campbell, 2017). Although those three terms conceptualize teacher leadership in slightly unique ways, all of them reflect the notion that leadership encompasses empowerment and collective agency (Harris, 2003) and teacher leadership involves “teacher influence over key school-wide decision-making process” (Sebastian et al., 2017, p. 465).

研究人员在围绕教师领导力构建研究时运用了多种理论。这些理论通常由诸如教师领导力、教师赋权和分布式领导力等术语来代表（温纳和坎贝尔，2017）。尽管这三个术语对教师领导力的概念化方式略有不同，但它们都反映了这样一种观念，即领导力包含赋权和集体能动性（哈里斯，2003），并且教师领导力涉及“教师对学校关键决策过程的影响”（塞巴斯蒂安等人，2017，第465页）。

Three studies have assessed the Big Five as simultaneous predictors of mindfulness. Siegling and Petrides (2014) found when all five traits were assessed simultaneously in a regression analysis, agreeableness was not associated with mindfulness even though the bivariate correlation was significant. Westbrook (2013) also found that all personality traits, except for agreeableness, significantly predicted mindfulness in a multiple regression analysis. Latzman and Masuda (2013) found a significant bivariate correlation between extraversion and mindfulness, but this relation became non-significant when controlling for the other personality traits in a regression analysis. Together, these studies have suggested that results differ depending on the analytic technique.
三项研究已将大五人格作为正念的同时预测因素进行了评估。西格灵和佩特里德斯（2014）发现，在回归分析中同时评估所有五种特质时，尽管二元相关性显著，但宜人性与正念并无关联。韦斯特布鲁克（2013）也发现，在多元回归分析中，除宜人性外，所有人格特质都能显著预测正念。拉茨曼和增田（2013）发现外向性与正念之间存在显著的二元相关性，但在回归分析中控制其他人格特质时，这种关系变得不显著。总之，这些研究表明，结果因分析技术的不同而有所差异。

The exponential growth in computing power has brought possibilities for researchers and practitioners to create data-driven personalized learning experiences (Dessì et al., 2019). Using NLP to automatically track learners’ performance improvements has been extensively applied in education, such as writing assessment, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (McNamara et al., 2017). For instance, Moon et al. (2020) validated the feasibility of using NLP for automatic assessment to track learners’ cognitive and emotional states to provide adaptive training for learners with autism spectrum disorder in a virtual-reality-supported learning environment. Chary et al.’ s (2019) review suggested that learners’ verbalization and speech data are indicative of their thinking processes and learning behaviors. Indeed, NLP is increasingly used to enhance teaching and learning by informing on the learners’ behaviors and needs (Litman, 2016).
计算能力的指数级增长为研究人员和从业者创造数据驱动的个性化学习体验带来了可能性（德西等人，2019）。使用自然语言处理技术自动跟踪学习者的成绩提高在教育领域已得到广泛应用，例如写作评估、智能辅导系统（ITS）、计算机支持的协作学习（CSCL）和大规模开放在线课程（MOOCs）（麦克纳马拉等人，2017）。例如，穆恩等人（2020）验证了使用自然语言处理技术进行自动评估以跟踪学习者认知和情感状态，从而为虚拟现实支持的学习环境中的自闭症谱系障碍学习者提供适应性训练的可行性。查里等人（2019）的综述表明，学习者的言语表达和语音数据能够反映他们的思维过程和学习行为。事实上，自然语言处理技术越来越多地通过告知学习者的行为和需求来促进教学（利特曼，2016）。

As online enrollments have grown, so too has scholarly interest in students’ academic motivation and self-regulation in online courses (Dabbagh & Kitsantas, 2004; Green & Azevedo, 2007). Academic motivation has been operationalized in numerous ways from a wide variety of theoretical perspectives (for an overview, see Graham & Weiner, 1996), but generally academic motivation refers to students’ movement toward and engagement in learning activities. Motivated learners are characterized by low latency and high perseverance with respect to task engagement; that is, they move quickly at the opportunity to learn and stick with it, even in the face of difficulty. Self-regulated learners are characterized as committed participants who efficiently control their own learning experiences in many different ways, including organizing and rehearsing information to be learned; monitoring their thinking processes and seeking help when they do not understand; and holding positive motivational beliefs about their capabilities and the value of learning (Boekaerts, Pintrich, & Zeidner, 2000; Schunk & Zimmerman, 1998). Self-regulated learning has also been described as an active, constructive process whereby students set goals for their learning based on past experiences and the contextual features of the current environment (Pintrich, 2000). These learning goals then become the standards against which academic progress is compared (Green & Azevedo, 2007).With the explosion of online learning, practitioners and researchers alike have come to understand that to be successful in online courses, it helps to be a highly motivated, self-regulated learner (Azevedo, 2005; Dabbagh & Bannan-Ritland, 2005; Dabbagh & Kitsantas, 2004). The need for high levels of academic motivation and self-regulation is due, in part, to the relatively autonomous nature of online learning environments compared to traditional classroom contexts. As Dabbagh and Kitsantas (2004) have argued, “in a web-based learning environment, students must exercise a high degree of self-regulatory competence to accomplish their learning goals” (p. 40); whereas in a traditional classroom, the instructor tends to exercise considerable control over the learning activities.What is more, several educational psychologists (e.g., Green & Azevedo, 2007; Pintrich, 2003; Schunk, Pintrich, & Meece, 2008) have indicated that there may be important developmental differences in students’ self-regulation, differences that warrant further empirical investigation. For example, Green and Azevedo (2007) have encouraged researchers to ask whether there might be a developmental progression within self-regulated learning. In their words, “research in this area would perhaps not only allow us to more clearly examine individual phenomena in SRL [self-regulated learning] but also provide clues as to how good SRL behaviors might be taught” (Green & Azevedo, 2007, p. 364). Such developmental differences, if they do exist, could have important educational implications for instructors, determining, for example, the cognitive demands of learning activities faculty design, as well as the type and level of scaffolding teachers provide during instruction.
随着在线注册人数的增加，学术界对学生在线课程中的学习动机和自我调节的兴趣也在增加（达巴格和基桑塔斯，2004；格林和阿泽维多，2007）。从各种各样的理论视角来看，学习动机有多种操作方式（概述见格雷厄姆和韦纳，1996），但一般来说，学习动机是指学生朝着学习活动前进并参与其中。有学习动机的学习者在任务参与方面具有低延迟和高毅力的特点；也就是说，他们一有学习机会就迅速行动并坚持下去，即使面临困难。自我调节型学习者被描述为坚定的参与者，他们以许多不同的方式有效地控制自己的学习体验，包括组织和排练要学习的信息；监控自己的思维过程，在不理解时寻求帮助；以及对自己的能力和学习价值持有积极的动机信念（博克阿茨、平特里奇和蔡德纳，2000；申克和齐默尔曼，1998）。自我调节学习也被描述为一个积极的、建设性的过程，学生根据过去的经验和当前环境的背景特征为自己的学习设定目标（平特里奇，2000）。这些学习目标随后成为衡量学业进步的标准（格林和阿泽维多，2007）。随着在线学习的迅猛发展，从业者和研究人员都认识到，要在在线课程中取得成功，成为一个高度有动机、自我调节的学习者是有帮助的（阿泽维多，2005；达巴格和班南 - 里特兰，2005；达巴格和基桑塔斯，2004）。对高水平学习动机和自我调节的需求部分是由于在线学习环境与传统课堂环境相比具有相对自主的性质。正如达巴格和基桑塔斯（2004）所指出的，“在基于网络的学习环境中，学生必须具备高度的自我调节能力才能实现他们的学习目标”（第40页）；而在传统课堂中，教师往往对学习活动有相当大的控制权。此外，几位教育心理学家（如格林和阿泽维多，2007；平特里奇，2003；申克、平特里奇和米斯，2008）指出，学生的自我调节可能存在重要的发展差异，这些差异值得进一步实证研究。例如，格林和阿泽维多（2007）鼓励研究人员探究自我调节学习内部是否可能存在发展进程。用他们的话说，“这一领域的研究或许不仅能让我们更清楚地研究自我调节学习中的个体现象，还能为如何教授良好的自我调节学习行为提供线索”（格林和阿泽维多，2007，第364页）。这样的发展差异，如果确实存在，可能对教师具有重要的教育意义，例如，决定教师设计的学习活动的认知要求，以及教师在教学过程中提供的支架类型和水平。

Riemann hypothesis, in number theory, hypothesis by German mathematician Bernhard Riemann concerning the location of solutions to the Riemann zeta function, which is connected to the prime number theorem and has important implications for the distribution of prime numbers. Riemann included the hypothesis in a paper, “Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse” (“On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity”), published in the November 1859 edition of Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie (“Monthly Review of the Berlin Academy”).

A proof of the Riemann hypothesis would have far-reaching consequences for number theory and for the use of primes in cryptography. The Riemann hypothesis has long been considered the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics. It was one of 10 unsolved mathematical problems (23 in the printed address) presented as a challenge for 20th-century mathematicians by German mathematician David Hilbert at the Second International Congress of Mathematics in Paris on Aug. 8, 1900. In 2000 American mathematician Stephen Smale updated Hilbert’s idea with a list of important problems for the 21st century; the Riemann hypothesis was number one. In 2000 it was designated a Millennium Problem, one of seven mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute of Cambridge, Mass., U.S., for a special award. The solution for each Millennium Problem is worth $1 million. In 2008 the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) listed it as one of the DARPA Mathematical Challenges, 23 mathematical problems for which it was soliciting research proposals for funding—“Mathematical Challenge Nineteen: Settle the Riemann Hypothesis. The Holy Grail of number theory.”

黎曼假设，在数论中，是德国数学家伯恩哈德·黎曼关于黎曼ζ函数解的位置的假设，它与素数定理相关，对素数的分布有着重要意义。黎曼将该假设包含在一篇论文《论小于给定数值的素数个数》中，该论文发表于1859年11月的《柏林科学院月报》。

黎曼假设的证明对数论以及素数在密码学中的应用将产生深远影响。长期以来，黎曼假设一直被视为数学中最大的未解决问题。1900年8月8日，德国数学家大卫·希尔伯特在巴黎第二届国际数学家大会上提出了20世纪数学家面临的10个未解决数学问题（印刷版演讲中有23个），黎曼假设是其中之一。2000年，美国数学家斯蒂芬·斯梅尔更新了希尔伯特的想法，列出了21世纪的重要问题清单；黎曼假设位居榜首。2000年，它被指定为一个千禧年问题，是美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市克莱数学研究所选定的七个数学问题之一，可获得特别奖励。每个千禧年问题的解决方案价值100万美元。2008年，美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）将其列为DARPA数学挑战之一，即23个数学问题之一，该局正在征集研究提案以寻求资助——“数学挑战十九：解决黎曼假设。数论的圣杯”。

In our recent biological study, various methods were employed to investigate the cellular processes. Initially, we calibrated (made adjustments to calibrate) the instruments to ensure accurate readings. After setting up the equipment, we collected (gathered together) samples from multiple locations. The collected samples were then examined (looked at them carefully) under a microscope to observe cellular structures.

To determine protein levels, we assayed (examined the purity or properties of a substance) the samples using a specialized kit. Finally, we analyzed__ (studied something in detail in order to understand more about) the data using advanced statistical software to ascertain the significance of our findings.

在我们最近的生物学研究中，采用了各种方法来研究细胞过程。最初，我们校准（进行调整以校准）仪器以确保读数准确。安装好设备后，我们收集（聚集在一起）了来自多个位置的样本。然后将收集到的样本在显微镜下检查（仔细观察它们）以观察细胞结构。

为了确定蛋白质水平，我们使用专门的试剂盒测定（检查物质的纯度或特性）了样本。最后，我们使用先进的统计软件分析（为了更多地了解而详细研究某物）数据，以确定我们发现的重要性。

The southeast New Mexico (SENM) region covers around 44,240 km2 (square kilometers) and accounts for approximately 14 % of New Mexico’s total land area. The region has an estimated population of 221,117 people, which is about 11 % of the total population of New Mexico (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023). The average annual precipitation in the entire SENM region is 372.74 mm (Peterson et al., 2019). The SENM region map and its main water resources can be seen in Fig. 1. The region has both surface water and groundwater resources, with groundwater as the main water source. The Pecos River serves as the main surface water resource in the region, running from north to south through the western part of the region. The eastern part of the region does not have a major surface water resource, as indicated in the map (see Fig. 1). Groundwater is primarily withdrawn from three aquifers: the Roswell Basin, the Pecos River Basin, and the High Plains Aquifer, which is also known as the Ogallala Aquifer. Water in the region is used by various key sectors including commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigated agriculture, livestock, mining, power, and public water supply. Among these sectors, irrigated agriculture has the highest water withdrawal, accounting for approximately 86.15 % of the total water withdrawal. On the other hand, the domestic sector records the least water withdrawals, constituting around 0.41 % of the total water withdrawn.

In this investigation, the SENM model is used and applied which is a model based on system dynamics (SD) methodology developed to help better understand the water management system in the SENM region. J.W. Forrester, a professor at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA), created the SD methodology during the 1950s (Forrester, 1958, Forrester, 2007). SD is a mathematical modeling framework based on feedback theory that represents the interactions between elements and components of a system. Our model, developed by Mashaly and Fernald (2022), is used for examining, evaluating, and analyzing water demand and supply systems. Fig. 2 exhibits the stock and flow diagram (SFD) of the SENM developed model version used here after some modifications to serve our study’s objectives and purposes. The key variables, equations, and units used in this model are summarized in Table 1. Here, we used and applied the model to test and evaluate some adaptation practices and strategies to reduce irrigation water withdrawals (IWW) in the southeast New Mexico region. As this investigation is an application of the previously described SENM model, the authors think there is no need to repeat all the points and aspects relating to the different model development processes that are explained in detail in Mashaly and Fernald (2022). However, we provide a brief description of some details of the additions and modifications that have been made to our current version of the model. The most important developments or modifications that we made were combining water consumption sectors, i.e., we merged the eight water consumption sectors, namely (public, domestic, irrigated agriculture, livestock, commercial, industrial, mining, and power) into just two categories. The first category, which is the agricultural section, contains irrigated agriculture and livestock, and the second one, which we called the non-agricultural section, contains the other six water consumption sectors. Additionally, cultivated and irrigated agricultural land in the SENM region can generally be divided into four groups of crops, namely grains, alfalfa and pasture, fruits and vegetables, and tree orchards (Peterson et al., 2019). For example, grains include crops such as barley, wheat, sorghum, and corn; fruits and vegetables include crops such as potatoes, lettuce, onions, tomatoes, watermelons, and grapes; alfalfa and pasture include crops such as alfalfa and grass hay, and finally, orchards include crops such as apples, apricots, peaches, pecans, and pistachios. Thus, in the second modification, we divided the cultivated area into four crop groups: grains, alfalfa and pasture, fruits and vegetables, and tree orchards. In this paper, we focus on crop groups based on the combined total area of each of the four crop groups rather than individual crop areas within each crop group. This certainly serves the key purposes of this investigation, as we want to test the application of some agricultural practices, and it will be difficult for us to apply them in terms of modeling and simulation processes if each crop is separate. Furthermore, to help analyze and evaluate the applied practices, a large scale or unit (combined area) will show their influences more than if a smaller unit were used.
新墨西哥州东南部（SENM）地区面积约为44,240平方公里，约占新墨西哥州总土地面积的14%。该地区估计人口为221,117人，约占新墨西哥州总人口的11%（美国人口普查局，2023年）。整个SENM地区的年平均降水量为372.74毫米（彼得森等人，2019年）。SENM地区地图及其主要水资源见图1。该地区有地表水和地下水资源，以地下水为主要水源。佩科斯河是该地区的主要地表水资源，从北向南贯穿该地区西部。如图1所示，该地区东部没有主要的地表水资源。地下水主要从三个含水层抽取：罗斯威尔盆地、佩科斯河流域和高平原含水层，后者也被称为奥加拉拉含水层。该地区的水被商业、家庭、工业、灌溉农业、畜牧业、采矿、电力和公共供水等多个关键部门使用。在这些部门中，灌溉农业的取水量最高，约占总取水量的86.15%。另一方面，家庭部门的取水量最少，约占总取水量的0.41%。

在本次调查中，使用并应用了SENM模型，这是一个基于系统动力学（SD）方法开发的模型，旨在帮助更好地理解SENM地区的水资源管理系统。麻省理工学院（美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市）教授J.W.福雷斯特在20世纪50年代创建了SD方法（福雷斯特，1958年，福雷斯特，2007年）。SD是一个基于反馈理论的数学建模框架，用于表示系统中元素和组件之间的相互作用。我们的模型由马沙利和费尔纳德（2022年）开发，用于检查、评估和分析水需求和供应系统。图2展示了经过一些修改以满足我们研究目的的此处使用的SENM开发模型版本的存量和流量图（SFD）。该模型中使用的关键变量、方程和单位总结在表1中。在这里，我们使用该模型来测试和评估一些减少新墨西哥州东南部地区灌溉取水量（IWW）的适应措施和策略。由于本次调查是对前面所述SENM模型的应用，作者认为没有必要重复马沙利和费尔纳德（2022年）中详细解释的与不同模型开发过程相关的所有要点和方面。然而，我们对当前模型版本所做的添加和修改的一些细节进行了简要描述。我们所做的最重要的改进或修改是合并用水部门，即我们将八个用水部门（公共、家庭、灌溉农业、畜牧业、商业、工业、采矿和电力）合并为两类。第一类是农业部分，包括灌溉农业和畜牧业，第二类我们称为非农业部分，包括其他六个用水部门。此外，SENM地区的耕地和灌溉农田通常可分为四类作物，即谷物、苜蓿和牧场、水果和蔬菜以及果园（彼得森等人，2019年）。例如，谷物包括大麦、小麦、高粱和玉米等作物；水果和蔬菜包括土豆、生菜、洋葱、西红柿、西瓜和葡萄等作物；苜蓿和牧场包括苜蓿和干草等作物，最后，果园包括苹果、杏、桃、山核桃和开心果等作物。因此，在第二次修改中，我们将耕地面积分为四类作物组：谷物、苜蓿和牧场、水果和蔬菜以及果园。在本文中，我们基于四类作物组中每一类的总面积而非每类作物组内的单个作物面积来关注作物组。这当然符合本次调查的关键目的，因为我们想测试一些农业实践的应用，如果每个作物都是分开的，在建模和模拟过程中应用它们将很困难。此外，为了帮助分析和评估所应用的实践，大规模或单位（合并面积）将比使用较小单位更能显示它们的影响。

What is the approximate percentage of New Mexico’s total land area that the southeast New Mexico (SENM) region covers?14%

What is the main surface water resource in the SENM region?The Pecos River

Who created the system dynamics (SD) methodology?J.W. Forrester

What was the main modification made to the SENM model in this study?Combining water consumption sectors into two categories

Adults report the fear of public speaking more often than any other fear, including death (Dwyer & Davidson, 2012). This intriguing finding highlights a defining human characteristic: We are concerned with how others might perceive and evaluate us. Indeed, numerous studies show adults’ inclination to promote, enhance, and manage their own public image in the presence of others (Leary & Allen, 2011; Mead, Baumeister, Stillman, Rawn, & Vohs, 2011; Tennie, Frith, & Frith, 2010). For instance, adult participants tend to display enhanced performance in trivial tasks when others are watching as opposed to being alone (Cottrell, Wack, Sekerak, & Rittle, 1968; Triplett, 1898). Strong conformity to a majority judgment or opinion is also prevalent, even when such judgment is blatantly wrong or untrue (Asch, 1956; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Cialdini & Trost, 1998).

成年人报告对公开演讲的恐惧比其他任何恐惧都更频繁，甚至超过对死亡的恐惧（德怀尔和戴维森，2012年）。这一有趣的发现凸显了人类的一个决定性特征：我们在意他人可能如何看待和评价我们。事实上，大量研究表明成年人在他人面前有提升、增强和管理自己公众形象的倾向（利里和艾伦，2011年；米德、鲍迈斯特、斯蒂尔曼、罗恩和沃斯，2011年；坦尼、弗里斯和弗里斯，2010年）。例如，成年参与者在他人观看时往往会在琐碎任务中表现出更好的成绩，而独自一人时则不然（科特雷尔、瓦克、塞克拉克和里特尔，1968年；特里普利特，1898年）。对大多数人的判断或意见的强烈从众行为也很普遍，即使这种判断明显错误或不真实（阿施，1956年；查特兰和巴尔格，1999年；恰尔迪尼和特罗斯特，1998年）。

On the basis of these results for Al ordering and the slow convergence of the MC technique, for practical purposes related to the use of these potentials, all our subsequent simulations were performed in alloys with initial structures constructed purposely with no Al–Al nn pairs. We refer to these as SRO alloys. Table 3 reports the heat of mixing of the equiatomic mixture without nn Al–Al bonds.Figure 3 shows the energies for random configurations and for those that do not contain any nn Al–Al bonds, as a function of Al content. The energy of the SRO mixtures that do not contain nn Al–Al bonds are progressively lower than the random ones, as the Al content is increased.
基于铝有序化的这些结果以及蒙特卡洛技术的缓慢收敛性，出于与使用这些势能相关的实际目的，我们所有后续的模拟都是在合金中进行的，这些合金的初始结构特意构建为没有铝-铝最近邻对。我们将这些称为短程有序合金。表 3 报告了没有最近邻铝-铝键的等原子混合物的混合热。图 3 展示了随机构型以及那些不包含任何最近邻铝-铝键的构型的能量，作为铝含量的函数。随着铝含量的增加，不包含最近邻铝-铝键的短程有序混合物的能量逐渐低于随机混合物的能量。

Recent advancements in renewable __________ technologies have significantly reduced reliance on fossil fuels in several developed nations.

A、energy
B、voltage
C、power
D、force
正确答案是 A、energy。

翻译句子： 最近在可再生能源技术方面的进展显著减少了几个发达国家对化石燃料的依赖。

B、voltage

解释： 电压，指电流的推动力。与可再生技术无关。
例句： The voltage of the battery is 12 volts.
（这块电池的电压是12伏。）

C、power

解释： 能力或能量的总称，通常用于描述能量的使用，但不如“energy”具体。
例句： The power of the engine is impressive.
（这台发动机的功率令人印象深刻。）

D、force

解释： 力，通常指物理上的力量或影响。与句子主题不符。
例句： The force of the wind knocked down the tree.
（风的力量把树吹倒了。）

The study examines the effectiveness of various law __________ strategies in reducing urban crime rates.

A、enforcement
B、commission
C、contract
D、engagement
正确答案是 A、enforcement。

翻译句子： 该研究考察了各种法律执行策略在降低城市犯罪率方面的有效性。

B、commission

解释： 委员会或委任，通常指某个组织或任务的授权。与法律策略无关。
例句： The commission was formed to investigate the issue.
（该委员会成立以调查此问题。）

C、contract

解释： 合同，指法律上具有约束力的协议。与句子主题不符。
例句： They signed a contract for the new project.
（他们为新项目签署了一份合同。）

D、engagement

解释： 参与或接触，通常指与某人或某事的互动。虽然与法律相关，但不如“enforcement”具体。
例句： Community engagement is crucial for effective governance.
（社区参与对有效治理至关重要。）

The research considers how different legal __________ navigate complex international trade agreements.

A、circumstances
B、individuals
C、identities
D、entities

正确答案是 D、entities。

翻译句子： 该研究考虑了不同法律实体如何在复杂的国际贸易协议中运作。

A、circumstances

解释： 情况或环境，通常指影响事件的条件。与法律运作无关。
例句： Under the circumstances, we had to make a quick decision.
（在这种情况下，我们不得不迅速做出决定。）

B、individuals

解释： 个人，指单个的人。虽然可以理解，但不如“entities”适合描述法律方面。
例句： Many individuals participated in the survey.
（许多个人参与了调查。）

C、identities

解释： 身份，通常指个体或群体的特征或认同。与法律运作不太相关。
例句： The study explores cultural identities in modern society.
（该研究探讨了现代社会中的文化身份。）

总结来说，D、entities（实体）是最合适的选择，符合句子的语境。

The model proposes that 100 kilocalories is __________ to approximately 418 kilojoules in terms of nutritional energy content.

A、different
B、equivocal
C、contrast
D、equivalent

正确答案是 D、equivalent。

翻译句子： 该模型提议100千卡在营养能量含量上等同于大约418千焦耳。

A、different

解释： 不同的，表示有差异或不相同。与句子意思不符。
例句： The two products are different in quality.
（这两种产品在质量上不同。）

B、equivocal

解释： 模棱两可的，指不明确或含糊的。与句子意思不符。
例句： The response was equivocal and did not clarify the issue.
（回应模棱两可，并没有澄清问题。）

C、contrast

解释： 对比，通常指比较两个或多个事物的不同之处。与句子结构不符。
例句： The contrast between the two paintings is striking.
（这两幅画之间的对比非常显著。）

The Industrial __________ marked a significant shift in manufacturing processes and societal structures.(

A、evoluation
B、convention
C、revolution
D、resolution

正确答案是 C、revolution。

翻译句子： 工业革命标志着制造过程和社会结构的重大转变。

A、evolution

解释： 进化，通常指逐渐的发展或变化。虽然与变化有关，但不如“revolution”强烈。
例句： The evolution of technology has changed our lives.
（技术的进化改变了我们的生活。）

B、convention

解释： 会议或惯例，通常指正式的聚会或社会习俗。与句子主题不符。
例句： The convention attracted many professionals from various fields.
（会议吸引了来自各个领域的许多专业人士。）

C、resolution

解释： 决议或解决方案，通常指解决问题的方式。与句子主题不符。
例句： The resolution was passed unanimously.
（该决议获得全体通过。）

The first sentence: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is causing substantial mortality, morbidity, and societal disruption (Tay et al., 2020; Vabret et al., 2020), and effective vaccines and therapeutics may take several months or years to become available.

A substantial number of patients become life-threateningly ill, and the mechanisms responsible for causing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) in COVID-19 are not well understood.

Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the key players driving protective and pathogenic immune responses in COVID-19 (Vabret et al., 2020).

This knowledge may help devise better therapeutics and vaccines for tackling the current pandemic.

CD4+ T cells are key orchestrators of anti-viral immune responses, either by enhancing the effector functions of other immune cell types like cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and B cells or through direct killing of infected cells (Sallusto, 2016).

Recent studies in patients with COVID-19 have verified the presence of CD4+ T cells that are reactive to SARS-CoV-2 (Braun et al., 2020; Thieme et al., 2020; Grifoni et al., 2020).

The last sentence: However, the nature and types of CD4+ T cell subsets that respond to SARS-CoV-2 and the roles these subsets play in driving protective or pathogenic immune responses remain elusive.
第一句：2019冠状病毒病（COVID - 19）正在造成大量死亡、发病和社会混乱（Tay等人，2020年；Vabret等人，2020年），而有效的疫苗和治疗方法可能需要数月或数年才能问世。

大量患者病情危及生命，导致COVID - 19中严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征（SARS）的机制尚不清楚。

因此，迫切需要了解在COVID - 19中驱动保护性和致病性免疫反应的关键因素（Vabret等人，2020年）。

这些知识可能有助于设计出更好的治疗方法和疫苗来应对当前的大流行。

CD4 + T细胞是抗病毒免疫反应的关键协调者，它们可以通过增强其他免疫细胞类型（如细胞毒性CD8 + T细胞、NK细胞和B细胞）的效应功能，或直接杀伤受感染细胞来发挥作用（Sallusto，2016年）。

最近对COVID - 19患者的研究证实了存在对SARS - CoV - 2有反应的CD4 + T细胞（Braun等人，2020年；Thieme等人，2020年；Grifoni等人，2020年）。

最后一句：然而，对SARS - CoV - 2作出反应的CD4 + T细胞亚群的性质和类型，以及这些亚群在驱动保护性或致病性免疫反应中所起的作用仍然不清楚。

Well hydraulics and aquifer testing play a major role in applied hydrogeology (Renard, 2006). In studying these topics, it is frequently needed to estimate the radius of influence or radius of investigation of a pumping well. However, much confusion surrounds these concepts. To start with, these two radii have often been assumed to be equal, while in reality they are fundamentally different (Bourdet, 2002, Daungkaew et al., 2000, Oliver, 1990, Tabatabaie et al., 2017). Next, numerous definitions have been given of these radii, but the conceptual differences between the various definitions have barely been discussed, and little guidance is available regarding when to choose a specific definition rather than another. As a result, the practical use of these concepts is challenging and prone to misinterpretations. To resolve this situation, we present a comprehensive review of the concepts of radius of influence or radius of investigation and the methods to estimate them. New definitions and methods are also proposed to address gaps that were identified during the course of our review. Our main objectives are to clarify the concepts of radius of influence and radius of investigation and facilitate their practical use.
井流力学和含水层测试在应用水文地质学中起着重要作用（Renard，2006）。在研究这些主题时，经常需要估计抽水井的影响半径或调查半径。然而，这些概念周围存在很多困惑。首先，这两个半径经常被假设为相等，而实际上它们根本不同（Bourdet，2002；Daungkaew 等人，2000；Oliver，1990；Tabatabaie 等人，2017）。其次，已经给出了这些半径的众多定义，但各种定义之间的概念差异几乎没有被讨论过，并且关于何时选择一个特定的定义而不是另一个定义的指导很少。因此，这些概念的实际应用具有挑战性并且容易被误解。为了解决这种情况，我们对影响半径或调查半径的概念以及估计它们的方法进行了全面回顾。还提出了新的定义和方法来解决我们在回顾过程中发现的差距。我们的主要目标是澄清影响半径和调查半径的概念，并促进它们的实际应用。

Overall, the results imply that addiction to a social media platform such as Instagram could have negative consequences. For one, it could lead to the potential development of unhealthy personality traits such as physical appearance perfectionism. As a photo and video sharing social platform, Instagram provided an avenue for abundant self-presentation opportunities that may increase viewers’ social comparison tendencies (Yang et al., 2017). Exposure to hashtags such as “fitspiration” and increased Instagram usage were linked to higher body dissatisfaction, body-objectification levels, and negative mood (Cohen et al., 2017; Prichard et al., 2020). The carefully curated images in social media platforms subject people to unrealistic standards of body perfection that can also result in negative perceptions of their bodies.
总体而言，研究结果表明，对Instagram等社交媒体平台的上瘾可能会产生负面后果。一方面，它可能导致不健康人格特征的潜在发展，如外貌完美主义。作为一个照片和视频分享社交平台，Instagram为丰富的自我展示机会提供了途径，这可能会增加观众的社会比较倾向（Yang et al.，2017）。接触“fitspiration”等主题标签和Instagram使用量的增加与更高的身体不满、body-objectification水平和负面情绪有关（Cohen et al.，2017；Prichard et al.，2020）。社交媒体平台中精心策划的图像让人们接受不切实际的身体完美标准，这也可能导致对他们身体的负面看法。

The management of public space did not receive much attention in the academic literature until several critics started to voice the decline of the public realm in the latter half of the past century (see Jacobs, 1961; Lynch, 1984; Trancik, 1986; Sennett, 1986; Gehl, 1987; Oldenburg, 1989; Zukin, 1995; Ellin, 1996; Banerjee, 2001; Tibbalds, 2001; Orum & Neal, 2009; Madanipour, 2010). Jane Jacobs was an early influential writer to express discontent over the quality of public space in contemporary cities. Her supposed “attack on [modern] city planning and rebuilding” (Jacobs, 1961, p. 3) was later followed by other polemic texts with a similar tone. For example, Trancik (1986), in his classic text Finding Lost Space, writes about the “lost space” to discuss the vast array of modernist public spaces that have no character, and are “antispaces” with no positive contribution to the surroundings or users.
公共空间的管理在学术文献中并未受到太多关注，直到上个世纪后半叶，几位批评家开始表达对公共领域衰落的担忧（参见雅各布斯，1961 年；林奇，1984 年；特兰西克，1986 年；森尼特，1986 年；盖尔，1987 年；奥尔登堡，1989 年；祖金，1995 年；埃林，1996 年；班纳吉，2001 年；蒂巴兹，2001 年；

However, contrary to the under-management critiques, some writers argue that the public realm is not in decline, but rather, new forms of public spaces are emerging (see Sorkin, 1992; Madanipour, 2003; Worpole & Knox, 2008). With a notable shift in the public sphere, from those observed in ‘public’ locations to the semi-public or private realms, largely flourishing in the privately-owned spaces of shopping malls and office buildings, these writers advocate that public spaces are increasingly being produced and managed by private agencies (Németh & Schmidt, 2011). But the difference here is the inclusion of some form of commodification in the production and use of space (Kohn, 2004; Mitchell, 1995), often requiring ‘extra supervision’ and ‘care’, and thus, leading to its over-management (Carmona, 2010; Sorkin, 1992; Zukin, 1995).

然而，与管理不善的批评相反，一些作家认为公共领域并没有衰落，而是出现了新形式的公共空间（参见Sorkin，1992；Madaniple，2003；Worpol&Knox，2008）。随着公共领域的显著转变，从“公共”场所观察到的半公共或私人领域，主要在商场和办公楼等私人拥有的空间中蓬勃发展，这些作家主张公共空间越来越多地由私人机构生产和管理（Németh&Schmidt，2011）。但这里的不同之处在于在空间的生产和使用中包含了某种形式的商品化（Kohn，2004；Mitchell，1995），通常需要“额外的监督”和“照顾”，从而导致其过度管理（Carmona，2010；Sorkin，1992；Zukin，1995）。

Researchers gained _____ to the highly sensitive data after obtaining the necessary ethical clearances and signing confidentiality agreements.

A、profits
B、allowance
C、access
D、directions

翻译句子： 研究人员在获得必要的伦理许可并签署保密协议后获得了对高度敏感数据的访问权限。

A、profits

解释： 利润，指从商业活动中获得的财务收益。与数据访问无关。

B、allowance

解释： 津贴或允许，通常指某种形式的许可或补助。虽然可以表示允许，但不适合用在此句中。

C、access

解释： 访问，指获得某物的权利或能力。在此句中，指对数据的访问权限。

D、directions

解释： 指示或方向，通常指指引或说明。与数据访问无关。

总结来说，C、access（访问权限）是最合适的选择。

The funding provided was _____ to cover the costs of the project, ensuring that all necessary resources were available to the team.

A、occupational
B、adequate
C、holistic
D、temporary

正确答案是 B、adequate。

翻译句子： 提供的资金足以覆盖项目的成本，确保团队拥有所有必要的资源。

A、occupational

解释： 职业的，通常指与工作或职业相关的。与资金的适用性无关。

B、adequate

解释： 足够的，指数量或质量满足需求。在此句中，表示资金足以满足项目要求。

C、holistic

解释： 整体的，通常指考虑整体而非部分。在此句中不适合描述资金的数量。

D、temporary

解释： 临时的，指短期的或暂时的。在此句中不适合描述资金的性质。

总结来说，B、adequate（足够的）是最合适的选择。

The company hosts a(an) _____ meeting to discuss financial performance, strategic goals, and celebrate achievements from the past year.

A、comprehensive
B、civil
C、quarterly
D、annual

正确答案是 D、annual。

翻译句子： 公司举办了一次年度会议，讨论财务表现、战略目标，并庆祝过去一年的成就。

A、comprehensive

解释： 综合的，通常指全面的或包含所有方面的。虽然可以描述会议内容，但不指明会议的频率。

B、civil

解释： 文明的，通常指礼貌的或与公民有关的。与会议的性质无关。

C、quarterly

解释： 季度的，指每三个月一次的会议。虽然可能适用，但不如“annual”准确。

D、annual

解释： 年度的，指每年一次的会议。最符合句子的上下文。

总结来说，D、annual（年度的）是最合适的选择。

The impact of the policy changes became _____ when employees’ productivity significantly decreased and job satisfaction levels dropped.

A、adequate
B、conflicting
C、proximate
D、apparent

正确答案是 D、apparent。

翻译句子： 当员工的生产力显著下降且工作满意度降低时，政策变化的影响变得明显。

A、adequate

解释： 足够的，通常指数量或质量满足需求。与句子意思不符。

B、conflicting

解释： 矛盾的，指存在不一致或对立的情况。与句子上下文不符。

C、proximate

解释： 近似的，通常指接近或紧邻的。与句子意思不符。

D、apparent

解释： 明显的，指容易被看见或理解的。最符合句子的上下文。

总结来说，D、apparent（明显的）是最合适的选择。

The construction project is expected to take _____ nine months, but the timeline may vary depending on weather conditions and other factors.

A、notably
B、surprisingly
C、approximately
D、arguably

正确答案是 C、approximately。

翻译句子： 预计该建设项目将大约需要九个月的时间，但时间表可能会根据天气条件和其他因素而有所变化。

A、notably

解释： 显著地，通常指引人注目的或值得注意的。与时间的估计不符。

B、surprisingly

解释： 令人惊讶地，指意外的或出乎意料的。与句子上下文不符。

C、approximately

解释： 大约，指近似的数量或时间。最符合句子的意思。

D、arguably

解释： 可以说，通常用来表示某个观点是可以辩论的。与时间的估计无关。

总结来说，C、approximately（大约）是最合适的选择。

The study encompasses a wide _____ of topics, from environmental science to human psychology, providing a comprehensive overview.

A、
network

B、
content

C、
range

D、
site

句子翻译为：这项研究涵盖了从环境科学到人类心理学的广泛主题，提供了全面的概述。

单词解释：

A. network：网络，通常指互联的系统或关系，不太适合用来描述主题的广度。
B. content：内容，通常指信息或材料的具体内容，但不强调广度。
C. range：范围，指事物的广度或多样性，非常适合用来描述涵盖的主题数量和种类。
D. site：地点，通常指物理位置或场所，不适合用来描述主题。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. range。

The findings suggest that maximizing the _______ of renewable energy can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions .

A、
possession

B、
opportunity

C、
potential

D、
probability

句子翻译为：研究结果表明，最大化可再生能源的_______可以显著减少温室气体排放。

单词解释：

A. possession：拥有，指持有某物，不适合用来描述可再生能源的特性。
B. opportunity：机会，通常指可能性或时机，不适合在此上下文中使用。
C. potential：潜力，指某事物可能实现的能力或价值，适合描述可再生能源的能力。
D. probability：概率，指某事件发生的可能性，不适合用来描述可再生能源的特性。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. potential。

UK researchers are in the fortunate position of having access to data sets that __________the analyses that are needed to determine area-level influence on individual outcomes.

A、
precede

B、
facilitate

C、
induce

D、
exhibit

句子翻译为：英国研究人员处于一个幸运的境地，可以访问到__________所需的分析数据集，以确定区域层面对个体结果的影响。

单词解释：

A. precede：在…之前，指某事物发生在另一事物之前，不适合用来描述数据集的作用。
B. facilitate：促进，指帮助或使某事变得容易，适合描述数据集对分析的支持。
C. induce：引起，指导致某事发生，不适合在此上下文中使用。
D. exhibit：展示，指表现或显示某种特征，虽然可以用，但不如“facilitate”合适。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. facilitate。

The team plans to _____ their findings in a peer-reviewed journal following extensive research and data validation.

A、
remove

B、
assure

C、
publish

D、
link

句子翻译为：该团队计划在经过广泛的研究和数据验证后，将他们的发现_____在同行评审的期刊上。

单词解释：

A. remove：移除，指去掉某物，不适合用在此句中。
B. assure：保证，指确保某事发生，也不适合用在此句中。
C. publish：发布，指将研究成果公开，适合用在此句中。
D. link：链接，指连接或关联，不适合在此上下文中使用。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. publish。

He has been committed—quite unsuccessfully, but ________ committed—to nonviolence.

A、
regardless

B、
though

C、
even

D、
nevertheless

句子翻译为：他一直致力于非暴力——虽然效果不佳，但_______致力于此。

单词解释：

A. regardless：不管，不论，通常用于强调不受影响，但在此句中不太合适。
B. though：虽然，表示转折，但在此句中不够强烈。
C. even：甚至，通常用于强调，但在此句中不太合适。
D. nevertheless：尽管如此，表示尽管前面的情况如何，后面的情况仍然成立，适合用在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 D. nevertheless。

________ marks are necessary when using others’ words in one’s own research paper.

A、
quote

B、
bracket

C、
quotation

D、
question

句子翻译为：在自己的研究论文中使用他人言论时，________ 标记是必要的。

单词解释：

A. quote：引用，指直接使用他人的话，但在此句中不够具体。
B. bracket：括号，通常用于标注或补充信息，但不适合描述引用的标记。
C. quotation：引文，指他人的话或文本，适合用来描述引用时需要的标记。
D. question：问题，与引用无关。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. quotation。

History gives them little notice, and the ________ government has failed to reward them as they deserve.

A、
civil

B、
federal

C、
domestic

D、
societal
句子翻译为：历史对他们几乎没有关注，而________政府未能给予他们应有的奖励。

单词解释：

A. civil：民事的，通常指与公民权利或法律相关的，但不太适合描述政府的性质。
B. federal：联邦的，指国家的中央政府，通常用于描述国家层面的政府。
C. domestic：国内的，指一个国家内部的事务或政府，适合描述与国家内部事务相关的政府。
D. societal：社会的，通常指与社会结构或关系相关的，不适合直接描述政府。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. federal。

Hazard models also do not allow for _____ of the economic significance of the impact of each factor.

A、
evaluation

B、
release

C、
acquisition

D、
domain
句子翻译为：危险模型也不允许对每个因素影响的经济重要性进行_____。

单词解释：

A. evaluation：评估，指对某事物进行分析和判断，适合用在此句中，因为它涉及对经济重要性的分析。
B. release：释放，通常指放开或解除，和句意不符。
C. acquisition：获取，指获得某物，不适合在此上下文中使用。
D. domain：领域，通常指特定的范围或区域，也不适合用在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 A. evaluation。

The advent of agriculture significantly changed our diet by greatly increasing the _______ that grains and starch played.

A、
position

B、
role

C、
value

D、
power

句子翻译为：农业的出现显著改变了我们的饮食，极大地增加了谷物和淀粉所扮演的_______。

单词解释：

A. position：位置，通常指某物的地理或社会位置，不太适合用在此句中。
B. role：角色，指某事物在特定情境中的功能或作用，适合用来描述谷物和淀粉的影响。
C. value：价值，指某物的经济或重要性，但不如“role”适合在此句中。
D. power：力量，通常指能力或影响力，不太适合用在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. role。

McBurney and White (2010) describe manifest content analysis as a method of analyzing _____ by counting the frequency of words or phrases.

A、
scenario

B、
episode

C、
text

D、
suggestion

句子翻译为：McBurney 和 White (2010) 将显性内容分析描述为一种通过计算单词或短语的频率来分析_____的方法。

单词解释：

A. scenario：情境，指特定的情况或设定，不适合用在此句中。
B. episode：插曲，通常指一个事件或故事的一部分，也不太适合。
C. text：文本，指书面或口头的内容，适合用来描述分析的对象。
D. suggestion：建议，指提出的想法或意见，不适合用在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. text。

A combination of nitrogen and oxygen gas was inhaled through a face mask or an environmental chamber, or with the use of a reduced oxygen breathing ________.

A、
device

B、
material

C、
strategy

D、
machine
句子翻译为：通过面罩或环境舱吸入氮气和氧气的组合，或使用减少氧气的呼吸_______。

单词解释：

A. device：装置，指一种工具或设备，适合用在此句中。
B. material：材料，指构成物体的物质，不适合用在此句中。
C. strategy：策略，指计划或方法，不适合描述呼吸设备。
D. machine：机器，通常指大型或复杂的机械设备，虽然可以用，但“device”更为通用和适合。

因此，最合适的选项是 A. device。

For geography, the 1920s had been a relatively __________ period in which a variety of viewpoints and opinions had been tolerated.

A、
liberal

B、
external

C、
alternative

D、
interval

句子翻译为：对于地理学而言，1920年代是一个相对__________的时期，在这一时期，各种观点和意见都得到了宽容。

单词解释：

A. liberal：自由的，宽容的，适合用来描述一个允许多种观点的时期。
B. external：外部的，通常指外部的因素或影响，不适合用在此句中。
C. alternative：替代的，通常指不同的选择或方案，但不如“liberal”合适。
D. interval：间隔，指时间上的间断或间隔，不适合在此上下文中使用。

因此，最合适的选项是 A. liberal。

Successful project _____ among team members involves clear communication, defined roles, and shared goals to align efforts and achieve objectives.

A、
contribution

B、
creation

C、
compensation

D、
coordination

句子翻译为：成功的项目_____在团队成员之间涉及清晰的沟通、明确的角色和共同的目标，以协调努力并实现目标。

单词解释：

A. contribution：贡献，指个人或团队对项目的投入，但不完全适合描述团队之间的互动。
B. creation：创造，指生成或建立某物，不适合用在此句中。
C. compensation：补偿，通常指对工作的报酬或赔偿，不适合在此上下文中使用。
D. coordination：协调，指组织和安排以确保各方协同工作，适合用来描述团队成员之间的互动。

因此，最合适的选项是 D. coordination。

We were particularly interested in whether engagement and mediation varied among the seven activities offered to the children.

A、
mediant

B、
mediation

C、
medication

D、
medium

我们特别感兴趣的是，在提供给孩子们的七种活动中，参与度和调解是否有所不同。

单词解释：

A. mediant：中介音，通常用于音乐术语，不适合用在此句中。
B. mediation：调解，指在争端中进行的干预或调解\。
C. medication：药物，指治疗用的药品，与句意无关。
D. medium：媒介，指在某种活动或过程中的方式或手段，适合用来描述参与的形式。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. mediation。

It is possible that vaccines will make returning to gyms a more widescale ________.

A、
condition

B、
incident

C、
sensation

D、
phenomenon
句子翻译为：疫苗可能会使返回健身房成为一种更广泛的_______。

单词解释：

A. condition：条件，指某种状态或环境，不太适合在此句中。
B. incident：事件，通常指特定的事情或事故，不适合用在此句中。
C. sensation：感觉，通常指感官上的体验，也不适合在此句中。
D. phenomenon：现象，指可以观察到的事物或情况，适合用来描述广泛的趋势或情况。

因此，最合适的选项是 D. phenomenon。

The first report could be ________ for FDA review as early as October, and several more could follow within a few months.

A、
sustained

B、
submitted

C、
referred

D、
acknowledged

句子翻译为：第一份报告最早可以在十月份_______给FDA审核，随后几份报告可能会在几个月内跟进。

单词解释：

A. sustained：持续的，通常指保持某种状态，不适合用在此句中。
B. submitted：提交，指将文件或报告正式递交，适合用在此句中。
C. referred：提及，通常指提到某事，也不适合在此句中。
D. acknowledged：确认，指承认或接受某事，但不适合描述报告的递交。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. submitted。

No precautions have been taken to ________ the ceilings, which could collapse onto the statues.

A、
enlarge

B、
stress

C、
reinforce

D、
multiply

句子翻译为：没有采取任何预防措施来_______天花板，这可能会导致其倒塌在雕像上。

单词解释：

A. enlarge：扩大，指增大某物的尺寸，不适合用在此句中。
B. stress：施加压力，通常指对某物施加负担，但不适合在此上下文中使用。
C. reinforce：加强，指增强某物的强度或稳定性，适合用在此句中。
D. multiply：增加，通常指数量的增加，但不适合在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 C. reinforce。

Oakland Airport said in a news ________ that it is the first airport in the country to get testing vending machines.

A、
relief

B、
version

C、
column

D、
release

句子翻译为：奥克兰机场在一份新闻_______中表示，它是全国首个获得检测自动售货机的机场。

单词解释：

A. relief：救济，通常指帮助或支持，不适合用在此句中。
B. version：版本，指某事物的不同形式，不适合在此上下文中使用。
C. column：专栏，通常指报纸或杂志中的一部分，也不适合用在此句中。
D. release：发布，指正式公布信息，适合用在此句中。

因此，最合适的选项是 D. release。

The professor provided _____ references to support the arguments presented in her lecture on medieval history.

A、
subsequent

B、
relevant

C、
secondary

D、
primary
句子翻译为：教授提供了_____参考文献，以支持她在中世纪历史讲座中提出的论点。

单词解释：

A. subsequent：随后的，指在时间上后续的，不适合用在此句中。
B. relevant：相关的，指与主题或内容有直接关系，适合用在此句中。
C. secondary：次要的，通常指间接来源的参考，但不如“relevant”合适。
D. primary：主要的，指直接来源的参考，也可以适用，但不如“relevant”更能强调与论点的关系。

因此，最合适的选项是 B. relevant。

The importance of GDP rank cannot be overstated since it has served as the basis evaluation for both city officials and cities at all levels of _____.

A、
objective

B、
administration

C、
examination

D、
investigation
句子翻译为：GDP 排名的重要性不容忽视，因为它作为各级城市官员和城市的基础评估。

单词解释：