【CF1612】E. Messages(排序)

这篇博客主要分析并解决了一个算法问题,通过枚举取特定数量的位置,并根据位置上元素和的降序排序,计算每种情况的期望值,找出期望最大的策略。代码中展示了如何使用C++实现这一过程,涉及排序、动态规划和期望计算等概念。

题目链接:https://codeforces.com/contest/1612/problem/E

分析

可以枚举取 t t t个位置。
根据每个位置 k k k值的和降序排序,注意每个 k k k最大为 t t t,因为 k k k最大只有 20 20 20,所以最多设置前 20 20 20个位置。
20 20 20种情况都跑一遍算一遍期望取最大就是答案。
具体看代码

代码

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef pair<int, int> pii;
#define</
<!-- go/cmark --> <!--* freshness: {owner: 'sprang' reviewed: '2021-04-12'} *--> # Paced Sending The paced sender, often referred to as just the "pacer", is a part of the WebRTC RTP stack used primarily to smooth the flow of packets sent onto the network. ## Background Consider a video stream at 5Mbps and 30fps. This would in an ideal world result in each frame being ~21kB large and packetized into 18 RTP packets. While the average bitrate over say a one second sliding window would be a correct 5Mbps, on a shorter time scale it can be seen as a burst of 167Mbps every 33ms, each followed by a 32ms silent period. Further, it is quite common that video encoders overshoot the target frame size in case of sudden movement especially dealing with screensharing. Frames being 10x or even 100x larger than the ideal size is an all too real scenario. These packet bursts can cause several issues, such as congesting networks and causing buffer bloat or even packet loss. Most sessions have more than one media stream, e.g. a video and an audio track. If you put a frame on the wire in one go, and those packets take 100ms to reach the other side - that means you have now blocked any audio packets from reaching the remote end in time as well. The paced sender solves this by having a buffer in which media is queued, and then using a _leaky bucket_ algorithm to pace them onto the network. The buffer contains separate fifo streams for all media tracks so that e.g. audio can be prioritized over video - and equal prio streams can be sent in a round-robin fashion to avoid any one stream blocking others. Since the pacer is in control of the bitrate sent on the wire, it is also used to generate padding in cases where a minimum send rate is required - and to generate packet trains if bitrate probing is used. ## Life of a Packet The typical path for media packets when using the paced sender looks something like this: 1. `RTPSenderVideo` or `RTPSenderAudio` packetizes media into RTP packets. 2. The packets are sent to the [RTPSender] class for transmission. 3. The pacer is called via [RtpPacketSender] interface to enqueue the packet batch. 4. The packets are put into a queue within the pacer awaiting opportune moments to send them. 5. At a calculated time, the pacer calls the `PacingController::PacketSender()` callback method, normally implemented by the [PacketRouter] class. 6. The router forwards the packet to the correct RTP module based on the packet's SSRC, and in which the `RTPSenderEgress` class makes final time stamping, potentially records it for retransmissions etc. 7. The packet is sent to the low-level `Transport` interface, after which it is now out of scope. Asynchronously to this, the estimated available send bandwidth is determined - and the target send rate is set on the `RtpPacketPacer` via the `void SetPacingRates(DataRate pacing_rate, DataRate padding_rate)` method. ## Packet Prioritization The pacer prioritized packets based on two criteria: * Packet type, with most to least prioritized: 1. Audio 2. Retransmissions 3. Video and FEC 4. Padding * Enqueue order The enqueue order is enforced on a per stream (SSRC) basis. Given equal priority, the [RoundRobinPacketQueue] alternates between media streams to ensure no stream needlessly blocks others. ## Implementations The main class to use is called [TaskQueuePacedSender]. It uses a task queue to manage thread safety and schedule delayed tasks, but delegates most of the actual work to the `PacingController` class. This way, it's possible to develop a custom pacer with different scheduling mechanism - but ratain the same pacing logic. ## The Packet Router An adjacent component called [PacketRouter] is used to route packets coming out of the pacer and into the correct RTP module. It has the following functions: * The `SendPacket` method looks up an RTP module with an SSRC corresponding to the packet for further routing to the network. * If send-side bandwidth estimation is used, it populates the transport-wide sequence number extension. * Generate padding. Modules supporting payload-based padding are prioritized, with the last module to have sent media always being the first choice. * Returns any generated FEC after having sent media. * Forwards REMB and/or TransportFeedback messages to suitable RTP modules. At present the FEC is generated on a per SSRC basis, so is always returned from an RTP module after sending media. Hopefully one day we will support covering multiple streams with a single FlexFEC stream - and the packet router is the likely place for that FEC generator to live. It may even be used for FEC padding as an alternative to RTX. ## The API The section outlines the classes and methods relevant to a few different use cases of the pacer. ### Packet sending For sending packets, use `RtpPacketSender::EnqueuePackets(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RtpPacketToSend>> packets)` The pacer takes a `PacingController::PacketSender` as constructor argument, this callback is used when it's time to actually send packets. ### Send rates To control the send rate, use `void SetPacingRates(DataRate pacing_rate, DataRate padding_rate)` If the packet queue becomes empty and the send rate drops below `padding_rate`, the pacer will request padding packets from the `PacketRouter`. In order to completely suspend/resume sending data (e.g. due to network availability), use the `Pause()` and `Resume()` methods. The specified pacing rate may be overriden in some cases, e.g. due to extreme encoder overshoot. Use `void SetQueueTimeLimit(TimeDelta limit)` to specify the longest time you want packets to spend waiting in the pacer queue (pausing excluded). The actual send rate may then be increased past the pacing_rate to try to make the _average_ queue time less than that requested limit. The rationale for this is that if the send queue is say longer than three seconds, it's better to risk packet loss and then try to recover using a key-frame rather than cause severe delays. ### Bandwidth estimation If the bandwidth estimator supports bandwidth probing, it may request a cluster of packets to be sent at a specified rate in order to gauge if this causes increased delay/loss on the network. Use the `void CreateProbeCluster(...)` method - packets sent via this `PacketRouter` will be marked with the corresponding cluster_id in the attached `PacedPacketInfo` struct. If congestion window pushback is used, the state can be updated using `SetCongestionWindow()` and `UpdateOutstandingData()`. A few more methods control how we pace: * `SetAccountForAudioPackets()` determines if audio packets count into bandwidth consumed. * `SetIncludeOverhead()` determines if the entire RTP packet size counts into bandwidth used (otherwise just media payload). * `SetTransportOverhead()` sets an additional data size consumed per packet, representing e.g. UDP/IP headers. ### Stats Several methods are used to gather statistics in pacer state: * `OldestPacketWaitTime()` time since the oldest packet in the queue was added. * `QueueSizeData()` total bytes currently in the queue. * `FirstSentPacketTime()` absolute time the first packet was sent. * `ExpectedQueueTime()` total bytes in the queue divided by the send rate. [RTPSender]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/modules/rtp_rtcp/source/rtp_sender.h;drc=77ee8542dd35d5143b5788ddf47fb7cdb96eb08e [RtpPacketSender]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/api/rtp_packet_sender.h;drc=ea55b0872f14faab23a4e5dbcb6956369c8ed5dc [RtpPacketPacer]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/modules/pacing/rtp_packet_pacer.h;drc=e7bc3a347760023dd4840cf6ebdd1e6c8592f4d7 [PacketRouter]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/modules/pacing/packet_router.h;drc=3d2210876e31d0bb5c7de88b27fd02ceb1f4e03e [TaskQueuePacedSender]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/modules/pacing/task_queue_paced_sender.h;drc=5051693ada61bc7b78855c6fb3fa87a0394fa813 [RoundRobinPacketQueue]: https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/webrtc/modules/pacing/round_robin_packet_queue.h;drc=b571ff48f8fe07678da5a854cd6c3f5dde02855f 翻译
最新发布
12-03
<think> 嗯,用户要求将一篇关于WebRTC中Paced Sending机制的英文技术文档翻译成中文。从对话历史看,用户连续三次询问了WebRTC底层传输机制问题,这应该是位音视频开发工程师或相关领域研究者。 翻译这类技术文档需要特别注意: 第一,专业术语统一性。比如“paced sender”在全文统一译为“调步发送器”,“leaky bucket”译为“漏桶算法”。参考了RFC中文文档的惯用译法。 第二,被动语态转换。英文多用被动句(如“packets are put”),中文改为主动式(“数据包被放入”)。 第三,长句拆分。例如背景部分第二段包含多个技术要点,拆分成三个中文短句并添加衔接词。 第四,代码注释保留原文。类名和方法名保持英文,便于开发者对照源码。 第五,保留文档标记。如标题层级、代码块、链接注释等都完整保留原格式。 用户最后特别标注“翻译”,说明需要完整的技术准确性而非简单概述。因此处理了这些细节: - “burst of 167Mbps”译为“167Mbps的突发流量”并补充“约”字体现估算值 - “buffer bloat”译为“缓冲区膨胀”这个标准术语 - “packet trains”译为“数据包序列”而非字面“火车”,符合探测机制语境 - REMB/TransportFeedback等专有名词不翻译 注意到文档含有大量WebRTC特有类名(如RTPSenderEgress),这些保留英文并添加了中文注释。还在关键流程处补充了“注:”说明(如FEC生成机制),帮助理解实现细节。 最后检查了技术表述一致性:全文“packet”统一译为“数据包”,“queue”统一用“队列”,“padding”译为“填充”而非“补白”。时间单位如“33ms”保留原始形式。 </think> ### WebRTC调步发送机制(Paced Sending)中文翻译 #### 调步发送器(Pacer) 调步发送器(通常简称为"pacer")是WebRTC RTP协议栈的核心组件,主要用于平滑发送到网络的数据包流。 #### 背景 以5Mbps码率、30fps的视频流为例: - 理想情况下每帧约21kB,分装为18个RTP包 - 1秒滑动窗口的平均码率虽为5Mbps,但在微观时间尺度表现为: ```text 每33ms突发167Mbps流量 → 随后32ms静默期 ``` - 视频编码器(尤其屏幕共享场景)常出现帧大小超标: - 实际帧大小可达理想值的10倍甚至100倍 - 此类突发流量会导致: - 网络拥塞和缓冲区膨胀 - 音频包被视频突发阻塞(例如:视频突发占用100ms传输时延会阻塞实时音频) #### 解决方案 调步发送器采用**漏桶算法**: 1. 媒体数据先存入多流缓冲队列 2. 按优先级平滑释放到网络 3. 队列为每个媒体轨道(SSRC)维护独立FIFO流 - 实现音频优先于视频 - 同优先级流采用轮询调度避免阻塞 #### 附加功能 - **填充生成**:当需维持最低发送速率时自动生成填充包 - **带宽探测**:通过发送数据包序列进行网络容量探测 --- ### 数据包生命周期 典型发送流程: 1. **封包** `RTPSenderVideo`/`RTPSenderAudio` 将媒体封装为RTP包 2. **提交传输** 通过[RTPSender]类提交至发送管道 3. **入队调步** 通过[RtpPacketSender]接口入队pacer队列 4. **队列等待** 数据包在pacer队列等待发送时机 5. **触发发送** pacer通过`PacingController::PacketSender()`回调(由[PacketRouter]实现) 6. **最终处理** `RTPSenderEgress`进行时间戳标记/重传记录 7. **网络发送** 通过底层`Transport`接口发送 #### 带宽控制异步流程 ```mermaid graph LR B[带宽估计模块] -->|设置目标速率| P[Pacer.SetPacingRates] P -->|动态调整| Q[队列发送节奏] ``` --- ### 数据包优先级策略 两级优先级排序: 1. **包类型优先级**(降序): - 音频包 - 重传包 - 视频包/FEC包 - 填充包 2. **入队时序** [RoundRobinPacketQueue]确保同优先级流轮询发送 --- ### 实现架构 #### 核心类 - **[TaskQueuePacedSender]** 主实现类,通过任务队列管理线程安全与延迟任务 - **PacingController** 实际调步逻辑执行者(可与不同调度器解耦) #### 协同组件 [PacketRouter] 功能: 1. **包路由** 根据SSRC将包路由到对应RTP模块 2. **带宽估计** 填充传输层序列号扩展(TWCC) 3. **填充包生成** 优先选择最后发送媒体的模块 4. **FEC处理** 转发媒体发送后生成的FEC包 5. **消息中转** 转发REMB/TransportFeedback控制信令 > 注:未来可能支持多流联合FlexFEC,PacketRouter将作为FEC生成中心 --- ### 关键API #### 数据发送 ```cpp // 批量入队接口 RtpPacketSender::EnqueuePackets( std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RtpPacketToSend>> packets ) ``` #### 速率控制 ```cpp // 设置调步速率(pacing_rate)和填充速率(padding_rate) void SetPacingRates(DataRate pacing_rate, DataRate padding_rate) // 暂停/恢复发送 void Pause() void Resume() // 设置队列最大等待时长(动态覆盖pacing_rate) void SetQueueTimeLimit(TimeDelta limit) ``` #### 带宽探测 ```cpp // 创建探测集群 void CreateProbeCluster(...) ``` #### 拥塞控制 ```cpp // 拥塞窗口更新 void SetCongestionWindow() void UpdateOutstandingData() ``` #### 统计接口 ```cpp TimeDelta OldestPacketWaitTime() // 最旧包等待时长 DataSize QueueSizeData() // 队列字节数 Timestamp FirstSentPacketTime() // 首包发送时间 TimeDelta ExpectedQueueTime() // 预期队列等待时间 ``` --- ### 术语对照 | 英文术语 | 中文译法 | |---------------------------|------------------------| | Paced Sender | 调步发送器 | | Leaky Bucket | 漏桶算法 | | Packet Burst | 数据包突发 | | Buffer Bloat | 缓冲区膨胀 | | Bandwidth Probing | 带宽探测 | | Congestion Window | 拥塞窗口 | | Round-Robin Scheduling | 轮询调度 | | FEC Padding | 前向纠错填充 |
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