#include ＜stack＞

在 C++ 中，标准库提供了多种容器和算法来帮助开发者更高效地编写程序。

<stack> 是 C++ 标准模板库（STL）的一部分，它实现了一个后进先出（LIFO，Last In First Out）的数据结构。这种数据结构非常适合于需要"最后添加的元素最先被移除"的场景。

<stack> 容器适配器提供了一个栈的接口，它基于其他容器（如 deque 或 vector）来实现。栈的元素是线性排列的，但只允许在一端（栈顶）进行添加和移除操作。

// <stack> -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/*
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1994
 * Hewlett-Packard Company
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Hewlett-Packard Company makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1996,1997
 * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 */

/** @file include/stack
 *  This is a Standard C++ Library header.
 */

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_STACK
#define _GLIBCXX_STACK 1

#pragma GCC system_header

#include <deque>
#include <bits/stl_stack.h>

#endif /* _GLIBCXX_STACK */

基本操作

• push(): 在栈顶添加一个元素。
• pop(): 移除栈顶元素。
• top(): 返回栈顶元素的引用，但不移除它。
• empty(): 检查栈是否为空。
• size(): 返回栈中元素的数量。

语法

以下是使用 <stack> 的基本语法：

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>

int main() {
    std::stack<int> s;

    // 向栈中添加元素
    s.push(1);
    s.push(2);
    s.push(3);

    // 访问栈顶元素
    std::cout << "Top element is: " << s.top() << std::endl;

    // 移除栈顶元素
    s.pop();
    std::cout << "After popping, top element is: " << s.top() << std::endl;

    // 检查栈是否为空
    if (!s.empty()) {
        std::cout << "Stack is not empty." << std::endl;
    }

    // 打印栈的大小
    std::cout << "Size of stack: " << s.size() << std::endl;

    return 0;
}