<iomanip>
是 C++ 标准库中的一个头文件,它提供了对输入/输出流的格式化操作。
iomanip
库中的函数允许开发者控制输出格式,如设置小数点后的位数、设置宽度、对齐方式等。
iomanip
是 Input/Output Manipulators 的缩写,它提供了一组操作符,用于控制 C++ 标准库中的输入/输出流的格式,适用以下场景:
- 科学计算中浮点数格式的处理;
- 数据对齐与美化;
- 显示特定进制或格式的数值。
// Standard stream manipulators -*- C++ -*- // Copyright (C) 1997-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. // // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) // any later version. // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program; // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. /** @file include/iomanip * This is a Standard C++ Library header. */ // // ISO C++ 14882: 27.6.3 Standard manipulators // #ifndef _GLIBCXX_IOMANIP #define _GLIBCXX_IOMANIP 1 #pragma GCC system_header #include <bits/c++config.h> #include <iosfwd> #include <bits/ios_base.h> #if __cplusplus >= 201103L #include <locale> #if __cplusplus > 201103L #include <bits/quoted_string.h> #endif #endif namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default) { _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION // [27.6.3] standard manipulators // Also see DR 183. struct _Resetiosflags { ios_base::fmtflags _M_mask; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c setf. * @param __mask A format flags mask. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator resets the specified flags, * via @e stream.setf(0,__mask). */ inline _Resetiosflags resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask) { return { __mask }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Resetiosflags __f) { __is.setf(ios_base::fmtflags(0), __f._M_mask); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Resetiosflags __f) { __os.setf(ios_base::fmtflags(0), __f._M_mask); return __os; } struct _Setiosflags { ios_base::fmtflags _M_mask; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c setf. * @param __mask A format flags mask. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator sets the format flags * to @a __mask. */ inline _Setiosflags setiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask) { return { __mask }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Setiosflags __f) { __is.setf(__f._M_mask); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Setiosflags __f) { __os.setf(__f._M_mask); return __os; } struct _Setbase { int _M_base; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c setf. * @param __base A numeric base. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator changes the * @c ios_base::basefield flags to @c oct, @c dec, or @c hex when @a base * is 8, 10, or 16, accordingly, and to 0 if @a __base is any other value. */ inline _Setbase setbase(int __base) { return { __base }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Setbase __f) { __is.setf(__f._M_base == 8 ? ios_base::oct : __f._M_base == 10 ? ios_base::dec : __f._M_base == 16 ? ios_base::hex : ios_base::fmtflags(0), ios_base::basefield); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Setbase __f) { __os.setf(__f._M_base == 8 ? ios_base::oct : __f._M_base == 10 ? ios_base::dec : __f._M_base == 16 ? ios_base::hex : ios_base::fmtflags(0), ios_base::basefield); return __os; } template<typename _CharT> struct _Setfill { _CharT _M_c; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c fill. * @param __c The new fill character. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator calls @c fill(__c) for that * object. */ template<typename _CharT> inline _Setfill<_CharT> setfill(_CharT __c) { return { __c }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Setfill<_CharT> __f) { __is.fill(__f._M_c); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Setfill<_CharT> __f) { __os.fill(__f._M_c); return __os; } struct _Setprecision { int _M_n; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c precision. * @param __n The new precision. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator calls @c precision(__n) for * that object. */ inline _Setprecision setprecision(int __n) { return { __n }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Setprecision __f) { __is.precision(__f._M_n); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Setprecision __f) { __os.precision(__f._M_n); return __os; } struct _Setw { int _M_n; }; /** * @brief Manipulator for @c width. * @param __n The new width. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator calls @c width(__n) for * that object. */ inline _Setw setw(int __n) { return { __n }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Setw __f) { __is.width(__f._M_n); return __is; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Setw __f) { __os.width(__f._M_n); return __os; } #if __cplusplus >= 201103L template<typename _MoneyT> struct _Get_money { _MoneyT& _M_mon; bool _M_intl; }; /** * @brief Extended manipulator for extracting money. * @param __mon Either long double or a specialization of @c basic_string. * @param __intl A bool indicating whether international format * is to be used. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator extracts @a __mon. */ template<typename _MoneyT> inline _Get_money<_MoneyT> get_money(_MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false) { return { __mon, __intl }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _MoneyT> basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Get_money<_MoneyT> __f) { typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __cerb(__is, false); if (__cerb) { ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit; __try { typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Iter; typedef money_get<_CharT, _Iter> _MoneyGet; const _MoneyGet& __mg = use_facet<_MoneyGet>(__is.getloc()); __mg.get(_Iter(__is.rdbuf()), _Iter(), __f._M_intl, __is, __err, __f._M_mon); } __catch(__cxxabiv1::__forced_unwind&) { __is._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); __throw_exception_again; } __catch(...) { __is._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); } if (__err) __is.setstate(__err); } return __is; } template<typename _MoneyT> struct _Put_money { const _MoneyT& _M_mon; bool _M_intl; }; /** * @brief Extended manipulator for inserting money. * @param __mon Either long double or a specialization of @c basic_string. * @param __intl A bool indicating whether international format * is to be used. * * Sent to a stream object, this manipulator inserts @a __mon. */ template<typename _MoneyT> inline _Put_money<_MoneyT> put_money(const _MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false) { return { __mon, __intl }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _MoneyT> basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Put_money<_MoneyT> __f) { typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __cerb(__os); if (__cerb) { ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit; __try { typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Iter; typedef money_put<_CharT, _Iter> _MoneyPut; const _MoneyPut& __mp = use_facet<_MoneyPut>(__os.getloc()); if (__mp.put(_Iter(__os.rdbuf()), __f._M_intl, __os, __os.fill(), __f._M_mon).failed()) __err |= ios_base::badbit; } __catch(__cxxabiv1::__forced_unwind&) { __os._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); __throw_exception_again; } __catch(...) { __os._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); } if (__err) __os.setstate(__err); } return __os; } template<typename _CharT> struct _Put_time { const std::tm* _M_tmb; const _CharT* _M_fmt; }; /** * @brief Extended manipulator for formatting time. * * This manipulator uses time_put::put to format time. * [ext.manip] * * @param __tmb struct tm time data to format. * @param __fmt format string. */ template<typename _CharT> inline _Put_time<_CharT> put_time(const std::tm* __tmb, const _CharT* __fmt) { return { __tmb, __fmt }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Put_time<_CharT> __f) { typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __cerb(__os); if (__cerb) { ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit; __try { typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Iter; typedef time_put<_CharT, _Iter> _TimePut; const _CharT* const __fmt_end = __f._M_fmt + _Traits::length(__f._M_fmt); const _TimePut& __mp = use_facet<_TimePut>(__os.getloc()); if (__mp.put(_Iter(__os.rdbuf()), __os, __os.fill(), __f._M_tmb, __f._M_fmt, __fmt_end).failed()) __err |= ios_base::badbit; } __catch(__cxxabiv1::__forced_unwind&) { __os._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); __throw_exception_again; } __catch(...) { __os._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); } if (__err) __os.setstate(__err); } return __os; } template<typename _CharT> struct _Get_time { std::tm* _M_tmb; const _CharT* _M_fmt; }; /** * @brief Extended manipulator for extracting time. * * This manipulator uses time_get::get to extract time. * [ext.manip] * * @param __tmb struct to extract the time data to. * @param __fmt format string. */ template<typename _CharT> inline _Get_time<_CharT> get_time(std::tm* __tmb, const _CharT* __fmt) { return { __tmb, __fmt }; } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Get_time<_CharT> __f) { typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __cerb(__is, false); if (__cerb) { ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit; __try { typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Iter; typedef time_get<_CharT, _Iter> _TimeGet; const _CharT* const __fmt_end = __f._M_fmt + _Traits::length(__f._M_fmt); const _TimeGet& __mg = use_facet<_TimeGet>(__is.getloc()); __mg.get(_Iter(__is.rdbuf()), _Iter(), __is, __err, __f._M_tmb, __f._M_fmt, __fmt_end); } __catch(__cxxabiv1::__forced_unwind&) { __is._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); __throw_exception_again; } __catch(...) { __is._M_setstate(ios_base::badbit); } if (__err) __is.setstate(__err); } return __is; } #if __cplusplus >= 201402L #define __cpp_lib_quoted_string_io 201304 /** * @brief Manipulator for quoted strings. * @param __string String to quote. * @param __delim Character to quote string with. * @param __escape Escape character to escape itself or quote character. */ template<typename _CharT> inline auto quoted(const _CharT* __string, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) { return __detail::_Quoted_string<const _CharT*, _CharT>(__string, __delim, __escape); } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc> inline auto quoted(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __string, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) { return __detail::_Quoted_string< const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&, _CharT>( __string, __delim, __escape); } template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc> inline auto quoted(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __string, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) { return __detail::_Quoted_string< basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&, _CharT>( __string, __delim, __escape); } #if __cplusplus >= 201703L // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS // 2785. quoted should work with basic_string_view template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits> inline auto quoted(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) { return __detail::_Quoted_string< basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>, _CharT>(__sv, __delim, __escape); } #endif // C++17 #endif // C++14 #endif // __cplusplus >= 201103L // Inhibit implicit instantiations for required instantiations, // which are defined via explicit instantiations elsewhere. // NB: This syntax is a GNU extension. #if _GLIBCXX_EXTERN_TEMPLATE extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Setfill<char>); extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Setiosflags); extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Resetiosflags); extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Setbase); extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Setprecision); extern template ostream& operator<<(ostream&, _Setw); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Setfill<char>); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Setiosflags); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Resetiosflags); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Setbase); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Setprecision); extern template istream& operator>>(istream&, _Setw); #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Setfill<wchar_t>); extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Setiosflags); extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Resetiosflags); extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Setbase); extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Setprecision); extern template wostream& operator<<(wostream&, _Setw); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Setfill<wchar_t>); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Setiosflags); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Resetiosflags); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Setbase); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Setprecision); extern template wistream& operator>>(wistream&, _Setw); #endif #endif _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION } // namespace #endif /* _GLIBCXX_IOMANIP */
函数/操纵符 功能 实例代码 输出结果 std::setw(int n)
设置字段宽度,为下一次输出指定宽度 std::cout << std::setw(5) << 42;
42
std::setfill(char)
设置填充字符(默认是空格) std::cout << std::setfill('*') << std::setw(5) << 42;
***42
std::left
设置左对齐 std::cout << std::left << std::setw(5) << 42;
42
std::right
设置右对齐 std::cout << std::right << std::setw(5) << 42;
42
std::internal
符号靠左,其余靠右 std::cout << std::internal << std::setw(5) << -42;
- 42
std::setprecision(int)
设置浮点数的有效位数 std::cout << std::setprecision(3) << 3.14159;
3.14
std::fixed
设置定点格式输出浮点数 std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << 3.14159;
3.14
std::scientific
设置科学计数法格式输出浮点数 std::cout << std::scientific << 3.14159;
3.141590e+00
std::hex
设置整数以 16 进制显示 std::cout << std::hex << 42;
2a
std::oct
设置整数以 8 进制显示 std::cout << std::oct << 42;
52
std::dec
设置整数以 10 进制显示(默认) std::cout << std::dec << 42;
42
std::showbase
显示进制前缀(如 0x
表示 16 进制)std::cout << std::showbase << std::hex << 42;
0x2a
std::noshowbase
隐藏进制前缀(默认) std::cout << std::noshowbase << std::hex << 42;
2a
std::uppercase
16 进制字母显示为大写 std::cout << std::uppercase << std::hex << 42;
2A
std::nouppercase
16 进制字母显示为小写(默认) std::cout << std::nouppercase << std::hex << 42;
2a
std::showpos
在正数前显示 +
符号std::cout << std::showpos << 42;
+42
std::noshowpos
不显示正数的 +
符号(默认)std::cout << std::noshowpos << 42;
42
std::boolalpha
布尔值以 true/false
输出std::cout << std::boolalpha << true;
true
std::noboolalpha
布尔值以 1/0
输出(默认)std::cout << std::noboolalpha << true;
1
std::setbase(int n)
设置整数的进制(支持 8、10、16) std::cout << std::setbase(16) << 42;
2a
std::resetiosflags
重置指定的流状态 std::cout << std::resetiosflags(std::ios::showbase) << std::hex << 42;
2a
std::setiosflags
设置指定的流状态 std::cout << std::setiosflags(std::ios::showbase) << std::hex << 42;
0x2a