Domain Adaptation via Prompt Learning

本文提出DAPL,一种使用预训练的CLIP模型和prompt学习进行无监督域适应的方法。DAPL通过学习域无关和域特定的上下文,避免了特征对齐导致的语义信息损失。对比学习策略确保了图像和文本的域、类信息在特征空间的对齐。实验证明DAPL在多个数据集上优于传统方法。

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论文地址:https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.06687

Abstract

本文提出的DAPL ( Domain Adaptation via Prompt Learning ) 使用了预训练的vision-language模型(来自于CLIP)并且只优化了很少的参数。其主要思想是将域信息嵌入到prompt中(prompt是一种用自然语言生成的表示形式)然后用于执行分类。该域信息仅由来自同一域的图像共享,从而根据每个域动态调整分类器。

### Adapter Fine-Tuning Variants in Deep Learning Adapter fine-tuning represents a parameter-efficient approach to adapting large pre-trained models for specific tasks or domains without retraining all model parameters from scratch. This method involves inserting small neural network modules called adapters between existing layers of the pretrained model[^2]. These adapters are then trained while keeping most original weights frozen. #### Implementation Methods In practice, adapter insertion typically occurs at every layer or selected layers within transformer-based architectures such as BERT, RoBERTa, etc. Each adapter consists of two linear transformations with nonlinear activation functions applied in-between: ```python class Adapter(nn.Module): def __init__(self, input_dim=768, hidden_dim=128): super(Adapter, self).__init__() self.linear1 = nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim) self.relu = nn.ReLU() self.linear2 = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, input_dim) def forward(self, x): z = self.linear1(x) z = self.relu(z) output = self.linear2(z) return output + x # Residual connection ``` The above code snippet demonstrates how an adapter module can be implemented using PyTorch. The residual connection ensures that information flows through unchanged when necessary. For efficient training and inference, specialized libraries like Hugging Face's `transformers` provide built-in support for adding adapters via simple API calls: ```python from transformers import BertModel, AdapterConfig model = BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased') config = AdapterConfig(mh_adapter=True, output_adapter=True, reduction_factor=16, non_linearity="relu") model.add_adapter("task_name", config=config) model.train_adapter("task_name") ``` This example shows how one might add an adapter configuration specifically designed for task adaptation on top of a base language model. #### Use Cases Adapters have been successfully utilized across various NLP applications where domain-specific knowledge transfer is required but full finetuning resources may not always be available. Some common scenarios include: - **Domain Adaptation**: Transferring general-purpose LLMs into specialized fields (e.g., medical literature analysis). - **Multilingual Transfer Learning**: Enhancing cross-language capabilities by introducing adapters tailored towards individual languages. - **Personalization Systems**: Customizing recommendation engines based on user preferences without affecting core system performance. By leveraging these lightweight modifications, developers gain flexibility in customizing powerful yet resource-intensive models according to their needs efficiently. --related questions-- 1. What are some best practices for selecting hyperparameters during adapter tuning? 2. Can you explain more about memory efficiency improvements brought by adapter techniques compared to traditional fine-tuning approaches? 3. Are there any notable differences between applying adapters versus other forms of prompt engineering strategies? 4. In what ways do adapters contribute to reducing carbon footprint associated with AI computations?
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