vLLM 是一款专为大语言模型推理加速而设计的框架，实现了 KV 缓存内存几乎零浪费，解决了内存管理瓶颈问题。
更多 vLLM 中文文档及教程可访问 →go.hyper.ai/Wa62f
源码 examples/offline_inference/vision_language_multi_image.py
"""
本示例展示如何使用 vLLM 在视觉语言模型上执行离线推理，
处理多图像输入并生成文本，
整个过程使用模型定义的对话模板(chat template)。
"""
import os
from argparse import Namespace
from dataclasses import asdict
from typing import NamedTuple, Optional
from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
from PIL.Image import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoTokenizer
from vllm import LLM, EngineArgs, SamplingParams
from vllm.lora.request import LoRARequest
from vllm.multimodal.utils import fetch_image
from vllm.utils import FlexibleArgumentParser
QUESTION = "What is the content of each image?"
IMAGE_URLS = [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/2015_Kaczka_krzy%C5%BCowka_w_wodzie_%28samiec%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/002_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg",
]
class ModelRequestData(NamedTuple):
engine_args: EngineArgs
prompt: str
image_data: list[Image]
stop_token_ids: Optional[list[int]] = None
chat_template: Optional[str] = None
lora_requests: Optional[list[LoRARequest]] = None
# 注意：默认的 `max_num_seqs` 和 `max_model_len` 可能会导致低端 GPU 出现 OOM（内存溢出）。
# 除非另有说明，这些设置已在单张 L4 GPU 上经过测试可正常运行。
def load_aria(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "rhymes-ai/Aria"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
tokenizer_mode="slow",
trust_remote_code=True,
dtype="bfloat16",
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = "<fim_prefix><|img|><fim_suffix>\n" * len(image_urls)
prompt = (f"<|im_start|>user\n{placeholders}{question}<|im_end|>\n"
"<|im_start|>assistant\n")
stop_token_ids = [93532, 93653, 944, 93421, 1019, 93653, 93519]
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
stop_token_ids=stop_token_ids,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_deepseek_vl2(question: str,
image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "deepseek-ai/deepseek-vl2-tiny"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=4096,
max_num_seqs=2,
hf_overrides={"architectures": ["DeepseekVLV2ForCausalLM"]},
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholder = "".join(f"image_{i}:<image>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
prompt = f"<|User|>: {placeholder}{question}\n\n<|Assistant|>:"
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_gemma3(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "google/gemma-3-4b-it"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=8192,
max_num_seqs=2,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = [{"type": "image", "image": url} for url in image_urls]
messages = [{
"role":
"user",
"content": [
*placeholders,
{
"type": "text",
"text": question
},
],
}]
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_h2ovl(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "h2oai/h2ovl-mississippi-800m"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=8192,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
mm_processor_kwargs={"max_dynamic_patch": 4},
)
placeholders = "\n".join(f"Image-{i}: <image>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': f"{placeholders}\n{question}"}]
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name,
trust_remote_code=True)
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
# H2OVL-Mississippi 的停止 token
# https://huggingface.co/h2oai/h2ovl-mississippi-800m
stop_token_ids = [tokenizer.eos_token_id]
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
stop_token_ids=stop_token_ids,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_idefics3(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "HuggingFaceM4/Idefics3-8B-Llama3"
# 以下配置已确认可以在单个 L40 GPU 上启动。
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=8192,
max_num_seqs=16,
enforce_eager=True,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
# 如果您的内存不足，则可以减少 "LINGEST_EDDE"。
# 请参阅:https://huggingface.co/huggingfacem4/idefics3-8b-llama3#model-optimization
mm_processor_kwargs={
"size": {
"longest_edge": 2 * 364
},
},
)
placeholders = "\n".join(f"Image-{i}: <image>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
prompt = f"<|begin_of_text|>User:{placeholders}\n{question}<end_of_utterance>\nAssistant:" # noqa: E501
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_internvl(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "OpenGVLab/InternVL2-2B"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=4096,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
mm_processor_kwargs={"max_dynamic_patch": 4},
)
placeholders = "\n".join(f"Image-{i}: <image>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': f"{placeholders}\n{question}"}]
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name,
trust_remote_code=True)
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
# Internvl 的停止 token
# 型号变体可能具有不同的停止 token
# 请参考正确的"停止单词"的模型卡:
# https://huggingface.co/opengvlab/internvl2-2b/blob/main/conversation.py
stop_tokens = ["<|endoftext|>", "<|im_start|>", "<|im_end|>", "<|end|>"]
stop_token_ids = [tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(i) for i in stop_tokens]
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
stop_token_ids=stop_token_ids,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_mllama(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "meta-llama/Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct"
# 以下配置已确认可以在单个 L40 GPU 上启动。
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=4096,
max_num_seqs=16,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = "<|image|>" * len(image_urls)
prompt = f"{placeholders}<|begin_of_text|>{question}"
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_nvlm_d(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "nvidia/NVLM-D-72B"
# 根据需要进行调整以适合 GPU
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=8192,
tensor_parallel_size=4,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
mm_processor_kwargs={"max_dynamic_patch": 4},
)
placeholders = "\n".join(f"Image-{i}: <image>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': f"{placeholders}\n{question}"}]
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name,
trust_remote_code=True)
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_pixtral_hf(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "mistral-community/pixtral-12b"
# 根据需要进行调整以适合 GPU
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=8192,
max_num_seqs=2,
tensor_parallel_size=2,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = "[IMG]" * len(image_urls)
prompt = f"<s>[INST]{question}\n{placeholders}[/INST]"
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_phi3v(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
# num_crops 是传递给多模态图像处理器的一个覆盖（override）关键字参数；
# 对于某些模型，例如 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct，建议在单帧（single frame）场景下使用 16，
# 而在多帧（multi-frame）场景下使用 4。
#
# 一般来说，较大的 num_crops 值会导致每个图像实例生成更多的 token，
# 因为它可能在图像预处理过程中对图像进行更大范围的缩放。
#
# https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Phi-3.5-vision-instruct#loading-the-model-locally
# https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Phi-3.5-vision-instruct/blob/main/processing_phi3_v.py#L194
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model="microsoft/Phi-3.5-vision-instruct",
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=4096,
max_num_seqs=2,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
mm_processor_kwargs={"num_crops": 4},
)
placeholders = "\n".join(f"<|image_{i}|>"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
prompt = f"<|user|>\n{placeholders}\n{question}<|end|>\n<|assistant|>\n"
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
)
def load_phi4mm(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
"""
Phi-4-multimodal-instruct 支持图像和音频输入。
此示例展示了如何处理多图像输入。
"""
model_path = snapshot_download("microsoft/Phi-4-multimodal-instruct")
# 由于 vision-lora 和 speech-lora 与基本模型共存，所以
# 我们必须手动指定 Lora 权重的路径。
vision_lora_path = os.path.join(model_path, "vision-lora")
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_path,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=10000,
max_num_seqs=2,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
enable_lora=True,
max_lora_rank=320,
)
placeholders = "".join(f"<|image_{i}|>"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
prompt = f"<|user|>{placeholders}{question}<|end|><|assistant|>"
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
lora_requests=[LoRARequest("vision", 1, vision_lora_path)],
)
def load_qwen_vl_chat(question: str,
image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
model_name = "Qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
trust_remote_code=True,
max_model_len=1024,
max_num_seqs=2,
hf_overrides={"architectures": ["QwenVLForConditionalGeneration"]},
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = "".join(f"Picture {i}: <img></img>\n"
for i, _ in enumerate(image_urls, start=1))
# 此模型在其 tokenizer 上没有 chat_template 属性，
# 因此，我们需要显式传递它。我们使用 ChatML，因为它已在模型的生成工具中使用。
# https://huggingface.co/qwen/qwen-vl-chat/blob/main/qwen_generation_utils.py#l265
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name,
trust_remote_code=True)
# 从:https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating 复制
chat_template = "{% if not add_generation_prompt is defined %}{% set add_generation_prompt = false %}{% endif %}{% for message in messages %}{{'<|im_start|>' + message['role'] + '\n' + message['content'] + '<|im_end|>' + '\n'}}{% endfor %}{% if add_generation_prompt %}{{ '<|im_start|>assistant\n' }}{% endif %}" # noqa: E501
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': f"{placeholders}\n{question}"}]
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True,
chat_template=chat_template)
stop_tokens = ["<|endoftext|>", "<|im_start|>", "<|im_end|>"]
stop_token_ids = [tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(i) for i in stop_tokens]
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
stop_token_ids=stop_token_ids,
image_data=[fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls],
chat_template=chat_template,
)
def load_qwen2_vl(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
try:
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info
except ModuleNotFoundError:
print('WARNING: `qwen-vl-utils` not installed, input images will not '
'be automatically resized. You can enable this functionality by '
'`pip install qwen-vl-utils`.')
process_vision_info = None
model_name = "Qwen/Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct"
# 在 L40上测试
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=32768 if process_vision_info is None else 4096,
max_num_seqs=5,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = [{"type": "image", "image": url} for url in image_urls]
messages = [{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
}, {
"role":
"user",
"content": [
*placeholders,
{
"type": "text",
"text": question
},
],
}]
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
if process_vision_info is None:
image_data = [fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls]
else:
image_data, _ = process_vision_info(messages)
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=image_data,
)
def load_qwen2_5_vl(question: str, image_urls: list[str]) -> ModelRequestData:
try:
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info
except ModuleNotFoundError:
print('WARNING: `qwen-vl-utils` not installed, input images will not '
'be automatically resized. You can enable this functionality by '
'`pip install qwen-vl-utils`.')
process_vision_info = None
model_name = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct"
engine_args = EngineArgs(
model=model_name,
max_model_len=32768 if process_vision_info is None else 4096,
max_num_seqs=5,
limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": len(image_urls)},
)
placeholders = [{"type": "image", "image": url} for url in image_urls]
messages = [{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
}, {
"role":
"user",
"content": [
*placeholders,
{
"type": "text",
"text": question
},
],
}]
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(messages,
tokenize=False,
add_generation_prompt=True)
if process_vision_info is None:
image_data = [fetch_image(url) for url in image_urls]
else:
image_data, _ = process_vision_info(messages,
return_video_kwargs=False)
return ModelRequestData(
engine_args=engine_args,
prompt=prompt,
image_data=image_data,
)
model_example_map = {
"aria": load_aria,
"deepseek_vl_v2": load_deepseek_vl2,
"gemma3": load_gemma3,
"h2ovl_chat": load_h2ovl,
"idefics3": load_idefics3,
"internvl_chat": load_internvl,
"mllama": load_mllama,
"NVLM_D": load_nvlm_d,
"phi3_v": load_phi3v,
"phi4_mm": load_phi4mm,
"pixtral_hf": load_pixtral_hf,
"qwen_vl_chat": load_qwen_vl_chat,
"qwen2_vl": load_qwen2_vl,
"qwen2_5_vl": load_qwen2_5_vl,
}
def run_generate(model, question: str, image_urls: list[str],
seed: Optional[int]):
req_data = model_example_map[model](question, image_urls)
engine_args = asdict(req_data.engine_args) | {"seed": args.seed}
llm = LLM(**engine_args)
# 要维护此脚本中的代码兼容性，我们在此处添加 Lora。
# 您还可以使用:
# llm.generate(prompts, lora_request=lora_request,...)
if req_data.lora_requests:
for lora_request in req_data.lora_requests:
llm.llm_engine.add_lora(lora_request=lora_request)
sampling_params = SamplingParams(temperature=0.0,
max_tokens=128,
stop_token_ids=req_data.stop_token_ids)
outputs = llm.generate(
{
"prompt": req_data.prompt,
"multi_modal_data": {
"image": req_data.image_data
},
},
sampling_params=sampling_params)
for o in outputs:
generated_text = o.outputs[0].text
print(generated_text)
def run_chat(model: str, question: str, image_urls: list[str],
seed: Optional[int]):
req_data = model_example_map[model](question, image_urls)
engine_args = asdict(req_data.engine_args) | {"seed": seed}
llm = LLM(**engine_args)
# 要维护此脚本中的代码兼容性，我们在此处添加 Lora。
# 您还可以使用:
# llm.generate(prompts, lora_request=lora_request,...)
if req_data.lora_requests:
for lora_request in req_data.lora_requests:
llm.llm_engine.add_lora(lora_request=lora_request)
sampling_params = SamplingParams(temperature=0.0,
max_tokens=128,
stop_token_ids=req_data.stop_token_ids)
outputs = llm.chat(
[{
"role":
"user",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"text": question,
},
*({
"type": "image_url",
"image_url": {
"url": image_url
},
} for image_url in image_urls),
],
}],
sampling_params=sampling_params,
chat_template=req_data.chat_template,
)
for o in outputs:
generated_text = o.outputs[0].text
print(generated_text)
def main(args: Namespace):
model = args.model_type
method = args.method
seed = args.seed
if method == "generate":
run_generate(model, QUESTION, IMAGE_URLS, seed)
elif method == "chat":
run_chat(model, QUESTION, IMAGE_URLS, seed)
else:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid method: {method}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = FlexibleArgumentParser(
description='Demo on using vLLM for offline inference with '
'vision language models that support multi-image input for text '
'generation')
parser.add_argument('--model-type',
'-m',
type=str,
default="phi3_v",
choices=model_example_map.keys(),
help='Huggingface "model_type".')
parser.add_argument("--method",
type=str,
default="generate",
choices=["generate", "chat"],
help="The method to run in `vllm.LLM`.")
parser.add_argument("--seed",
type=int,
default=None,
help="Set the seed when initializing `vllm.LLM`.")
args = parser.parse_args()
main(args)
684
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