虚拟化介绍
虚拟化：在一台计算机上虚拟出多个逻辑的计算机，而且每个逻辑计算机
它可以是不同操作系统
虚拟化技术：可以扩大硬件容量，单个cpu模拟出多个cpu并行，
允许一个平台上同时运行多个操作系统，应用程序都可以在相互独立
的空间内运行，而且互不影响。
为什么企业使用虚拟化技术
1、节约成本
2、提高效率,物理机我们一般称为宿主机（Host），宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机（Guest）
kvm介绍
KVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
Qemu 是纯软件实现的虚拟化模拟器，几乎可以模拟任何硬件设备，我们最熟悉的就是能够模拟一台能够独立运行操作系统的虚拟机，虚拟机认为自己和硬件打交道，但其实是和 Qemu 模拟出来的硬件打交道，Qemu 将这些指令转译给真正的硬件。
正因为 Qemu 是纯软件实现的，所有的指令都要经 Qemu 过一手，性能非常低，所以，在生产环境中，大多数的做法都是配合 KVM 来完成虚拟化工作，因为 KVM 是硬件辅助的虚拟化技术，主要负责 比较繁琐的 CPU 和内存虚拟化，而 Qemu 则负责 I/O 虚拟化，两者合作各自发挥自身的优势，相得益彰.
作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。管理虚拟机和虚拟化功能的软件
其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
1、libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
2、API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
3、virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
KVM部署（基于CentOS8）
环境说明：
| 系统 | CentOS7 |
|---|---|
| IP | 192.168.160.139 |
1、CPU虚拟化功能
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启，分为两种情况：
（1）虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
（2）物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
2、虚拟机设置（内存：8G 磁盘：100G 虚拟化功能：开启）
//新建分区，将硬盘所有大小都给这个分区
[root@kvm ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part
├─cl_192-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
└─cl_192-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 100G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
[root@kvm ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? msdos
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on
this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
(parted) mkpart
Partition type? primary/extended? primary
File system type? [ext2]? xfs
Start? 10MiB
End? 51200MiB
(parted) p
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 107GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 10.5MB 53.7GB 53.7GB primary xfs lba
(parted) q
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@kvm ~]# udevadm settle
[root@kvm ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part
├─cl_192-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
└─cl_192-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 100G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 50G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
//格式化
[root@kvm ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
[root@kvm ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID="deaf691a-8007-4dd4-9933-a05e0df65b5b" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="16ba4616-01"
//挂载
[root@kvm ~]# mkdir /kvmdata
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/fstab
UUID=deaf691a-8007-4dd4-9933-a05e0df65b5b /kvmdata xfs defaults 0 0
[root@kvm ~]# mount -a
[root@kvm ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 3.8G 9.1M 3.8G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl_192-root xfs 17G 2.7G 15G 16% /
tmpfs tmpfs 775M 0 775M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 xfs 50G 389M 50G 1% /kvmdata
3.KVM安装
//关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@kvm ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@kvm ~]# setenforce 0
//安装所需软件包
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
[root@kvm 111]# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/qemu-kvm-tools-1.5.3-175.el7.x86_64.rpm http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/libvirt-python-4.5.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/bridge-utils-1.5-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@kvm 111]# rpm -ivh --nodeps libvirt-python-4.5.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@kvm 111]# rpm -ivh --nodeps qemu-kvm-tools-1.5.3-175.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@kvm 111]# rpm -ivh --nodeps bridge-utils-1.5-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
//验证cpu是否支持kvm，vmx是intel的 svm是AMD的
[root@kvm ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
//安装kvm
[root@kvm 111]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
//配置网络，因为虚拟机中的网络，我们一般是都和公司服务器处在同一网段的，所以我们需要把kvm的网卡配置成桥接模式
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.160.139
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.160.2
DNS1=192.168.160.2
[root@kvm network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
//重启网卡服务
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart NetworkManager
[root@kvm network-scripts]# nmcli connection reload
[root@kvm network-scripts]# nmcli connection up ens33
[root@kvm network-scripts]# nmcli connection up br0
[root@kvm ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d1:aa:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:d1:aa:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.160.139/24 brd 192.168.160.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:6f:a1:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:6f:a1:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
//重启libvirtd服务，并设置下次启动生效
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd
//查看kvm模块是否加载
[root@kvm ~]# lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel 323584 0
kvm 880640 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
//验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id Name State
--------------------
[root@kvm ~]# virsh --version
6.0.0
[root@kvm ~]# virt-install --version
2.2.1
//将qemu-kvm这个命令做一个软链接到/usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Oct 4 02:03 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
//查看网桥信息
[root@kvm network-scripts]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c29d1aa20 no ens33
virbr0 8000.5254006fa127 yes virbr0-nic
- KVM管理界面安装
Kvm的web界面是由webvirtmgr程序提供的
//安装依赖包
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install git python2-pip supervisor nginx python2-devel
[root@kvm ~]# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7.5.x86_64.rpm https://download-ib01.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/p/python-websockify-0.6.0-2.el7.noarch.rpm
[root@kvm ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7.5.x86_64.rpm
//下载webvirtmgr
[root@kvm ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps python-websockify-0.6.0-2.el7.noarch.rpm
//升级pip
[root@kvm ~]# pip2 install --upgrade pip
[root@kvm ~]# pip -V
pip 20.3.4 from /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip (python 2.7)
//从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@kvm src]# git clone https://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
//安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm webvirtmgr-master]# pip install -r requirements.txt
//检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@kvm ~]# python3
Python 3.6.8 (default, Sep 10 2021, 09:13:53)
[GCC 8.5.0 20210514 (Red Hat 8.5.0-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
//初始化账号信息
[root@kvm ~]# cd /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr-master/
[root@kvm webvirtmgr-master]# python2 manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): root
Email address: yxt@qq.com
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
//拷贝web网页到指定目录
[root@kvm ~]# useradd -rMs nginx /sbin/nologin
[root@kvm ~]# mkdir /var/www/
[root@kvm ~]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr-master/ /var/www/
[root@kvm ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr-master/
//配置密钥认证
由于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署在同一台机器，所以这里是本地信任；如果kvm部署在其他机器上的时候，那么就需要把公钥发送到kvm主机中
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:B9OKgBowX9F9l2q6YDsU3AortSw4sqnJXbZCDJ1R9jk root@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|o += . . |
|.o +. o o.. o |
|. + +. Eo..o |
| + oo.o.o+o |
|..oo +.oSo. |
|+ oo+ = .. |
|.+.o = o . |
|+...o + . |
|+. ... . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.160.139
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.160.139 (192.168.160.139)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:ByyFu35e3KurPO+r9dOn3lxcAzuvfY75+jYv+IAfLd0.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.160.139's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.160.139'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
//配置端口转发
[root@kvm ~]# ssh 192.168.160.139 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
//查看端口
[root@kvm ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6080 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:8000 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
//配置nginx
[root@kvm ~]# cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.bak
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
#修改为如下内容
...省略
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name localhost;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
...省略
//配置nginx虚拟机
[root@kvm ~]# cd /var/www/
[root@kvm www]# mv webvirtmgr-master/ webvirtmgr
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr
;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
//确保bind绑定本机的8000端口
[root@kvm ~]# grep "bind" /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
# bind - The socket to bind.
bind = '127.0.0.1:8000'
//重启nginx服务，并查看端口
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6080 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:8000 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
//设置supervisor
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
//启动并开机自启
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable --now supervisord.service
//配置nginx用户
[root@kvm ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
[nginx@kvm ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:jFru1kF87/t98Yrgbf4OFaP5JYU+zjchiqQJtrJLFDc nginx@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| |
| . |
| . E . + .|
| o .oo . + + |
| . oo.So .o.=..|
| . .+o = . o=.=.|
| o...+ o.o. +.+|
| . o.. .. ooo o+|
| o... .o===.o|
+----[SHA256]-----+
[nginx@kvm ~]$ echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" > ~/.ssh/config
[nginx@kvm ~]$ cat .ssh/config
StrictHostKeyChecking=no
UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null
[nginx@kvm ~]$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.160.139
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.160.139' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.160.139's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.160.139'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@kvm ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx.service
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
//修改nginx配置文件
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
#添加worker_rlimit_nofile 655350;
...省略
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 655350;
...省略
//对系统参数进行设置
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
#最后添加一下
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350
//重启服务，重读文件
[root@kvm ~]# sysctl -p
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx
//续后可能报错，链接超时，解决方法如下
[root@kvm kvmdata]# yum -y install novnc
[root@kvm kvmdata]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@kvm kvmdata]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
nohup novnc_server 192.168.160.139:5920 &
[root@kvm ~]# . /etc/rc.d/rc.local
web界面登录
新建连接
[root@kvm ~]# mkdir /kvmdata
[root@kvm ~]#
//上次镜像
新建存储池
通过工具上传镜像
新建镜像
网络池，新建网络
网络类型：桥接
自定义创建虚拟机
设置镜像文件
启动后进行安装
完成安装
扫一扫
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