干货-Linux之磁盘分区挂载
1.查看已格式化和挂载的磁盘
df -h
2.检查磁盘和分区信息
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lsblk
,信息查询可知sdb和sdc未分区和挂载,只以物理盘存在NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5 loop1 7:1 0 63.3M 1 loop /snap/core20/1828 loop2 7:2 0 44.3M 1 loop /snap/snapd/23258 loop3 7:3 0 349.7M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/143 loop4 7:4 0 91.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 loop5 7:5 0 346.3M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/119 loop6 7:6 0 63.7M 1 loop /snap/core20/2434 loop7 7:7 0 49.9M 1 loop /snap/snapd/18357 loop8 7:8 0 46M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/638 loop9 7:9 0 73.9M 1 loop /snap/core22/1722 loop10 7:10 0 12.2M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1216 loop11 7:11 0 505.1M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/176 sda 8:0 0 446.6G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi └─sda2 8:2 0 446.1G 0 part / sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk sdc 8:32 0 7.3T 0 disk
3.磁盘分区和挂载
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fdisk /dev/sdb
进入 fdisk 交互界面,fdisk适合对小容量(2TB)磁盘进行分区Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): Using default response p. Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-3749642239, default 2048): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-3749642239, default 3749642239): Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1.8 TiB. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
说明:
输入 n 命令,表示创建一个新分区。
选择分区类型:
p:主分区(默认选项)。
e:扩展分区(用于包含逻辑分区)。
用户按回车键,接受默认选项 p,表示创建一个主分区。
分区编号:默认选择 1。
起始扇区:默认选择 2048。
结束扇区:默认选择 3749642239,表示使用整个磁盘空间。
分区创建成功,类型为 Linux,大小为 1.8 TiB。
输入w 命令,fdisk 会将当前的分区表写入 /dev/sdb,并保存所有更改
The partition table has been altered:表示分区表已成功修改。
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table:系统调用 ioctl() 函数,通知内核重新读取分区表。
Syncing disks:同步磁盘数据,确保更改已写入磁盘。 -
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
将/dev/sdb1格式化为 ext4 文件系统mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020) Creating filesystem with 468705024 4k blocks and 117178368 inodes Filesystem UUID: a584fe7d-867b-4c5f-b42a-620bdd801b9e Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (262144 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
说明:
mke2fs 1.45.5:显示 mke2fs 工具的版本号。
Creating filesystem with 468705024 4k blocks and 117178368 inodes:
表示正在创建一个包含 468705024 个 4KB 块 和 117178368 个 inode 的文件系统。
Filesystem UUID:
显示文件系统的唯一标识符(UUID),例如 a584fe7d-867b-4c5f-b42a-620bdd801b9e。
Superblock backups:
显示超级块的备份位置,超级块是文件系统的核心数据结构。
Allocating group tables: done:
表示文件系统的组表已成功分配。
Writing inode tables: done:
表示 inode 表已成功写入。
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done:
表示日志(journal)已成功创建。日志用于提高文件系统的可靠性。
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done:
表示超级块和文件系统统计信息已成功写入。 -
parted /dev/sdc
进入 parted 交互界面,parted 适合对大容量(无限制)磁盘进行分区 -
输入
select /dev/sdc
切换到 /dev/sdc 磁盘 -
输入
set
查看设置属性 -
输入
mklabel gpt
创建一个新的 GPT 磁盘标签(即 GPT 分区表),GPT 分区表适用于大容量磁盘(超过 2 TB),并且没有 MBR 的限制 -
输入
mkpart
创建一个新分区 -
出现
Partition name? []?
直接按回车
键跳过(默认留空) -
出现File system type? [ext2]?输入
ext4
-
出现Start?和End?直接
回车
接受默认值,即为全部磁盘容量 -
若出现Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance: 34s % 2048s != 0s警告,表示分区的起始位置未对齐到 2048 扇区的倍数,可能会影响性能,若介意的可以在分区的时候
mkpart ext4 2048s 100%
替换掉mkpart
,这样可以确保确保起始位置是 2048 扇区的倍数,若不介意直接输入Ignore
即可 -
输入
p
显示当前磁盘的分区信息Model: AVAGO MR9361-8i (scsi) Disk /dev/sdc: 8001GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 17.4kB 8001GB 8001GB ext4
说明:
输出显示:
磁盘型号:AVAGO MR9361-8i。
磁盘大小:8001GB(即 7.3 TB)。
分区表类型:gpt。
分区信息:
分区编号:1。
起始位置:17.4kB。
结束位置:8001GB。
文件系统类型:ext4。
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输入q退出parted 交互界面
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输入
lsblk
,查看磁盘分区状态,sdb和sdc均已分区完成NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5 loop1 7:1 0 63.3M 1 loop /snap/core20/1828 loop2 7:2 0 44.3M 1 loop /snap/snapd/23258 loop3 7:3 0 349.7M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/143 loop4 7:4 0 91.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 loop5 7:5 0 346.3M 1 loop /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/119 loop6 7:6 0 63.7M 1 loop /snap/core20/2434 loop7 7:7 0 49.9M 1 loop /snap/snapd/18357 loop8 7:8 0 46M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/638 loop9 7:9 0 73.9M 1 loop /snap/core22/1722 loop10 7:10 0 12.2M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1216 loop11 7:11 0 505.1M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/176 sda 8:0 0 446.6G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi └─sda2 8:2 0 446.1G 0 part / sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 1.8T 0 part sdc 8:32 0 7.3T 0 disk └─sdc1 8:33 0 7.3T 0 part
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blkid
列出系统中所有块设备的 UUID、文件系统类型和其他属性,目的是查找分区的 UUID,以便在 /etc/fstab 中配置自动挂载,可以看到/dev/sdc1
还未进行格式化/dev/sda2: UUID="16bbd365-272f-4392-9cd1-d78b0a2a5c04" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="a7b525cb-f489-4eed-a194-1b1e980d78d4" /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop1: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop2: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop3: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop4: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop5: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop6: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop7: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sdc1: PARTUUID="63a1ab24-d2e5-4ce4-8a08-f2db9902187a" /dev/sdb1: UUID="a584fe7d-867b-4c5f-b42a-620bdd801b9e" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="fcd09cf1-01" /dev/sda1: UUID="E345-2AF2" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="f6e6f134-5a53-4cb8-850f-b1102e00fb37" /dev/loop8: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop9: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop10: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop11: TYPE="squashfs"
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使用
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1
进行格式化 -
blkid
再次检查,磁盘的分区和格式化是否存在问题/dev/sda2: UUID="16bbd365-272f-4392-9cd1-d78b0a2a5c04" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="a7b525cb-f489-4eed-a194-1b1e980d78d4" /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop1: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop2: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop3: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop4: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop5: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop6: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop7: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="a584fe7d-867b-4c5f-b42a-620bdd801b9e" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="fcd09cf1-01" /dev/sda1: UUID="E345-2AF2" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="f6e6f134-5a53-4cb8-850f-b1102e00fb37" /dev/loop8: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop9: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop10: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/loop11: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sdc1: UUID="f825a9cf-2310-4051-9ded-45c7bd7d4870" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="63a1ab24-d2e5-4ce4-8a08-f2db9902187a"
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mkdir /data
和mkdir /hdddata
创建文件夹 -
vim /etc/fstab
配置自动挂载,添加以下内容,UUID和文件夹自行替换UUID=a584fe7d-867b-4c5f-b42a-620bdd801b9e /data ext4 defaults 0 2 UUID=f825a9cf-2310-4051-9ded-45c7bd7d4870 /hdddata ext4 defaults 0 2
0 2 的含义:
0:表示不备份文件系统(dump 工具不会备份该文件系统)。
2:表示在启动时检查文件系统,但不是根文件系统(根文件系统通常是 1)
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mount -a
执行挂载所有在 /etc/fstab 文件中定义的文件系统 -
df -h
检查是否挂载成功Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 189G 0 189G 0% /dev tmpfs 38G 3.4M 38G 1% /run /dev/sda2 439G 47G 370G 12% / tmpfs 189G 136K 189G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 189G 0 189G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/loop0 128K 128K 0 100% /snap/bare/5 /dev/loop1 64M 64M 0 100% /snap/core20/1828 /dev/loop2 45M 45M 0 100% /snap/snapd/23258 /dev/loop3 350M 350M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/143 /dev/loop4 92M 92M 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535 /dev/loop5 347M 347M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/119 /dev/loop6 64M 64M 0 100% /snap/core20/2434 /dev/loop7 50M 50M 0 100% /snap/snapd/18357 /dev/loop8 46M 46M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/638 /dev/sda1 511M 6.1M 505M 2% /boot/efi /dev/loop9 74M 74M 0 100% /snap/core22/1722 /dev/loop10 13M 13M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/1216 tmpfs 38G 20K 38G 1% /run/user/126 /dev/loop11 506M 506M 0 100% /snap/gnome-42-2204/176 tmpfs 38G 24K 38G 1% /run/user/1000 /dev/sdb1 1.8T 28K 1.7T 1% /data /dev/sdc1 7.3T 28K 6.9T 1% /hdddata
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./storcli64 /c0 show
显示第一个RAID 控制器的详细信息Generating detailed summary of the adapter, it may take a while to complete. CLI Version = 007.2309.0000.0000 Sep 16, 2022 Operating system = Linux 5.15.0-126-generic Controller = 0 Status = Success Description = None Product Name = AVAGO MegaRAID SAS 9361-8i Serial Number = SKB5112986 SAS Address = 500605b0115385c0 PCI Address = 00:e4:00:00 System Time = 12/18/2024 10:34:24 Mfg. Date = 12/27/21 Controller Time = 12/18/2024 02:34:26 FW Package Build = 24.21.0-0157 BIOS Version = 6.36.00.3_4.19.08.00_0x06180206 FW Version = 4.680.00-8573 Driver Name = megaraid_sas Driver Version = 07.727.03.00-rc1 Current Personality = RAID-Mode Vendor Id = 0x1000 Device Id = 0x5D SubVendor Id = 0x1000 SubDevice Id = 0x9361 Host Interface = PCI-E Device Interface = SAS-12G Bus Number = 228 Device Number = 0 Function Number = 0 Domain ID = 0 Security Protocol = None Drive Groups = 3 TOPOLOGY : ======== ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DG Arr Row EID:Slot DID Type State BT Size PDC PI SED DS3 FSpace TR ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 - - - - RAID1 Optl N 446.625 GB dflt N N none N N 0 0 - - - RAID1 Optl N 446.625 GB dflt N N none N N 0 0 0 252:0 10 DRIVE Onln N 446.625 GB dflt N N none - N 0 0 1 252:1 11 DRIVE Onln N 446.625 GB dflt N N none - N 1 - - - - RAID1 Optl N 1.745 TB dflt N N none N N 1 0 - - - RAID1 Optl N 1.745 TB dflt N N none N N 1 0 0 252:2 8 DRIVE Onln N 1.745 TB dflt N N none - N 1 0 1 252:3 9 DRIVE Onln N 1.745 TB dflt N N none - N 2 - - - - RAID1 Optl N 7.276 TB dflt N N none N N 2 0 - - - RAID1 Optl N 7.276 TB dflt N N none N N 2 0 0 252:4 12 DRIVE Onln N 7.276 TB dflt N N none - N 2 0 1 252:5 13 DRIVE Onln N 7.276 TB dflt N N none - N ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DG=Disk Group Index|Arr=Array Index|Row=Row Index|EID=Enclosure Device ID DID=Device ID|Type=Drive Type|Onln=Online|Rbld=Rebuild|Optl=Optimal|Dgrd=Degraded Pdgd=Partially degraded|Offln=Offline|BT=Background Task Active PDC=PD Cache|PI=Protection Info|SED=Self Encrypting Drive|Frgn=Foreign DS3=Dimmer Switch 3|dflt=Default|Msng=Missing|FSpace=Free Space Present TR=Transport Ready Virtual Drives = 3 VD LIST : ======= --------------------------------------------------------------- DG/VD TYPE State Access Consist Cache Cac sCC Size Name --------------------------------------------------------------- 0/0 RAID1 Optl RW No RWTD - ON 446.625 GB 1/1 RAID1 Optl RW No RWTD - ON 1.745 TB 2/2 RAID1 Optl RW No RWTD - ON 7.276 TB --------------------------------------------------------------- VD=Virtual Drive| DG=Drive Group|Rec=Recovery Cac=CacheCade|OfLn=OffLine|Pdgd=Partially Degraded|Dgrd=Degraded Optl=Optimal|dflt=Default|RO=Read Only|RW=Read Write|HD=Hidden|TRANS=TransportReady B=Blocked|Consist=Consistent|R=Read Ahead Always|NR=No Read Ahead|WB=WriteBack AWB=Always WriteBack|WT=WriteThrough|C=Cached IO|D=Direct IO|sCC=Scheduled Check Consistency Physical Drives = 6 PD LIST : ======= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EID:Slt DID State DG Size Intf Med SED PI SeSz Model Sp Type --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 252:0 10 Onln 0 446.625 GB SATA SSD N N 512B Micron_5300_MTFDDAK480TDS U - 252:1 11 Onln 0 446.625 GB SATA SSD N N 512B Micron_5300_MTFDDAK480TDS U - 252:2 8 Onln 1 1.745 TB SATA SSD N N 512B INTEL SSDSC2KG019TZ U - 252:3 9 Onln 1 1.745 TB SATA SSD N N 512B INTEL SSDSC2KG019TZ U - 252:4 12 Onln 2 7.276 TB SATA HDD N N 512B ST8000NM000A-2KE101 U - 252:5 13 Onln 2 7.276 TB SATA HDD N N 512B ST8000NM000A-2KE101 U - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EID=Enclosure Device ID|Slt=Slot No|DID=Device ID|DG=DriveGroup DHS=Dedicated Hot Spare|UGood=Unconfigured Good|GHS=Global Hotspare UBad=Unconfigured Bad|Sntze=Sanitize|Onln=Online|Offln=Offline|Intf=Interface Med=Media Type|SED=Self Encryptive Drive|PI=Protection Info SeSz=Sector Size|Sp=Spun|U=Up|D=Down|T=Transition|F=Foreign UGUnsp=UGood Unsupported|UGShld=UGood shielded|HSPShld=Hotspare shielded CFShld=Configured shielded|Cpybck=CopyBack|CBShld=Copyback Shielded UBUnsp=UBad Unsupported|Rbld=Rebuild Enclosures = 1 Enclosure LIST : ============== -------------------------------------------------------------------- EID State Slots PD PS Fans TSs Alms SIM Port# ProdID VendorSpecific -------------------------------------------------------------------- 252 OK 8 6 0 0 0 0 1 - SGPIO -------------------------------------------------------------------- EID=Enclosure Device ID | PD=Physical drive count | PS=Power Supply count TSs=Temperature sensor count | Alms=Alarm count | SIM=SIM Count | ProdID=Product ID
说明:
(1) 控制器信息 Product Name:RAID 控制器的型号(如 AVAGO MegaRAID SAS 9361-8i)。Serial Number:控制器的序列号。
FW Version:固件版本(如 4.680.00-8573)。
Driver Version:驱动版本(如 07.727.03.00-rc1)。
(2) 磁盘组(Disk Group)和虚拟磁盘(Virtual Drive) DG/VD:磁盘组和虚拟磁盘的编号。
TYPE:RAID 类型(如 RAID1)。
State:虚拟磁盘的状态(如 Optl 表示最优状态)。
Size:虚拟磁盘的大小(如 446.625 GB、1.745 TB、7.276 TB)。
(3) 物理磁盘(Physical Drives) EID:Slt :磁盘所在的槽位编号(如 252:0)。
DID:磁盘的设备 ID。
State:磁盘的状态(如 Onln 表示在线)。
DG:磁盘所属的磁盘组。
Size:磁盘的大小(如 446.625 GB、1.745 TB、7.276 TB)。
Intf:磁盘接口类型(如 SATA)。
Med:磁盘介质类型(如 SSD 或 HDD)。
(4) 机箱(Enclosure) EID:机箱的设备 ID(如 252)。
State:机箱的状态(如 OK)。
Slots:机箱的槽位数量。
PD:机箱中的物理磁盘数量。
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