向上取整、大根堆、defaultdict（）

向上取整

# 向上取整
import math

number = 5.7
rounded_up = math.ceil(number)

print(rounded_up)  # Output: 6

大根堆

import heapq

ll=[1,4,2,3,5]

heapq.heapify(ll)# 变成小根堆
max_heap = [-i for i in ll]

heapq.heapify(max_heap)
print([-i for i in max_heap])# 输出大根堆 [5, 4, 2, 1, 3]

defaultdict（）

from collections import defaultdict

# Create a defaultdict with default value as a list
groups = defaultdict(list)

# Add elements to the defaultdict
groups['group1'].append('Alice')
groups['group1'].append('Bob')
groups['group2'].append('Charlie')
groups['group2'].append('David')

print(groups)
# output: {'group1': ['Alice', 'Bob'], 'group2': ['Charlie', 'David']}