Linux中使用BIND提供的域名解析服务(一)(DNS域名解析服务、安装bind服务程序简介、以及『正向解析、反向解析、多网解析(分离解析技术)』)

本文介绍了DNS域名解析服务的重要性,讲解了如何在Linux中安装和配置BIND服务,包括正向解析、反向解析以及应对多网环境的分离解析技术。通过配置主配置文件、区域配置文件和数据配置文件,实现高效稳定的DNS查询服务。

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DNS域名解析服务

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为了降低用户访问网络资源的门槛,DNS(Domain Name System,域名系统)技术应用而生。这是一项用于管理和解析域名于IP地址对应关系的技术,简单来说,就是能够接受用户输入的域名或IP地址,然后自动查找与之匹配(或者说具有映射关系)的IP地址或者域名,即将域名解析为IP地址(正向解析),或将IP地址解析为域名(反向解析)。这样一来,我们只需要再浏览器中输入域名就能打开想要访问的网站了。DNS域名解析技术的正向解析也是我们最常使用的一种工作模式。
当今世界的信息化程度也越来越高,大数据、云计算、物联网、人工智能等新技术不断涌现,全球网民的数量据说也超过了35亿,而且每年还在以10%的速度迅速增长。这些因素导致互联网中的域名数量进一步激增,被访问的频率也进一步加大。假设全球网民每人每天只访问一个网站域名,而且只访问一次,也会产生35亿次的查询请求,如此庞大的请 求数量肯定无法被某一台服务器全部处理掉。DNS服务作为互联网基础设施中重要的一环,为了为网民提供不间断、稳定且快速的域名查询服务,保证互联网的正常运转,提供了下面三种类型的服务器:
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安装bind服务

BIND(Berkeley Internet Name Domain,伯克利因特网名称域)服务是全球范围内使用最广泛、最安全可靠且高效的域名解析服务作为互联网技术设施服务,其责任之重可想而知,因此建议大家在生产环境中安装部署bind服务程序时加上chroot(俗称牢笼机制)扩展包,以便有效地限制bind服务程序仅能对自身的配置文件进行操作,以确保整个服务器的安全。

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo 	配置yum源
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo 
# Created by cloud-init on Thu, 10 Jul 2014 22:19:11 +0000
[rhel_dvd]
gpgcheck = 0
enabled = 1
baseurl = http://172.25.254.60/rhel7.2/
name = Remote classroom copy of dvd
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind.x86_64 -y	安装bind服务,可以加上 -chroot
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service 	关闭防火墙
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start named		启动服务

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…省略部分输出信息…

DNS解析BIND 9(适用于WINDOWS桌面系统) 完全改进: Security Fixes Treat an all zero netmask as invalid when generating the localnets acl to workaround bug on Windows platform. [CVE-2013-6230] [RT #34687] Fix crashes when serving some NSEC3 signed zones. memcpy was incorrectly called with overlapping ranges, resulting in malformed names being generated on some platforms. This could cause INSIST failures. (CVE 2014-0591) [RT #35120] Features Changes Add the ability to specify ndots to "nslookup". [RT #34711] Introduce a new tool "dnssec-importkey" to allow externally-generated DNSKEY to be imported into the DNSKEY management framework. [RT #34698] Check that EDNS subnet client options are well formed. [RT #34718] "named" now preserves the capitalization of names when responding to queries. [RT #34737] Include a comment in .nzf files (used for adding new zones via "rndc"), giving the name of the associated view. [RT #34765] Use separate rate limiting queues for refresh and notify requests. [RT #30589] Adjust when a master server is deemed unreachable to be less aggressive. [RT #27075] Create delegations for all "children" of empty zones except "forward first". [RT #34826] Changed the name of "isc-config.sh" developers script (for outputting compiler and linker flags) to "bind9-config". [RT #23825] Add "dig" option to keep the TCP socket open between successive queries (+[no]keepopen). [RT #34918] Add dns_client_createx2() function to DNS Client API to provide a way to specify the local address for use when sending update packets. [RT #34811] "named-checkconf -z" now checks zones of type hint as well as master. [RT #35046] Update config.guess and config.sub to add support for ppc64le (powerpc 64-bit Little Endian). [RT #35060] Update the Windows build system to support feature selection and WIN64 builds. This is a work in progress. [RT #34160] Add "dnssec-signzone -Q" switch to drop signatures from keys that are still published but no longer active. [RT #34990] Add a more detailed "not found" message to "rndc" commands which specify a zone name. [RT #35059] named will now warn when a zone's configured "key-directory" does not exist or is not a directory. [RT #35108] Added improvements to statistics channel XSL stylesheet: the stylesheet can now be cached by the browser; section headers are omitted from the stats display when there is no data in those sections to be displayed; counters are now right-justified for easier readability. (Only available with ./configure --enable-newstats.) [RT #35117] "named-checkconf" can now obscure shared secrets when printing by specifying '-x'. [RT #34465] "named" can now accept integer timestamps in RRSIG records. [RT #35185] The export-library API call for loading "resolv.conf", irs_resconf_load(), has been modified to return ISC_R_FILENOTFOUND when the file does not exist and initializes the resconf structure as if the file had existed and configured with nameservers at the localhost addresses (127.0.0.1 and ::1). [RT #35194] Bug Fixes Treat type 65533 (KEYDATA) as opaque except when used in a key zone. [RT #34238] Fix "host" and "nslookup" so don't need dot after the domain by checking ndots when searching. Only continue searching on NXDOMAIN responses. [RT #34711] Handle changes to sig-validity-interval settings better. [RT #34625] Fix bug where journal filename string could be set incorrectly, causing garbage in log messages. [RT #34738] Address a race condition when shutting down a zone. [RT #34750] Address race condition with manual notify requests. [RT #34806] Fix nslookup crash where some readline clones don't accept NULL pointers when calling add_history. [RT #34842] Fix Linux compilation issue when libcap-devel is installed. [RT #34838] Fix installation on Solaris -- don't add explicit make dependencies/rules for python programs as make won't use the implicit rules. [RT #34835] Fix hanging server with inline-signed zones by addressing lock order reversal deadlock with inline zones. [RT #34856] Fix "host" failure if a UDP query timed out. [RT #34870] Address bugs in dns_rdata_fromstruct and dns_rdata_tostruct for WKS and ISDN types. [RT #34910] Updated OpenSSL PKCS#11 patches to fix active list locking and other bugs. [RT #34855] Fix a potential hang with failure to release lock on error in receive_secure_db. #34944] Fix cast in lex.c which could see 0xff treated as EOF. This fixes issue with potential bad data in a database used by DLZ or SDB. [RT #34993] Fix build issue on newer FreeBSD needing -lhx509 for GSSAPI build. [RT #35001] Address read after free in server side of lwres_getrrsetbyname. [RT #29075] Fix "nsupdate" memory leak if "realm" was used multiple times. [RT #35073] Fix "dig" for cleaning up TCP sockets still waiting on connect(). [RT #35074] Fix "dnssec-importkey" so imported key won't overwrite an existing non-imported private key. Fix issue where queries covered by a disabled Response Policy Zone (query type was '*') are answered with TTL of 0. [RT #35026] Fix "nsupdate" memory leak if "realm" was used multiple times. [RT #35073] Fix "dig" for cleaning up TCP sockets still waiting on connect(). [RT #35074] Fix issue with "rndc retransfer" with inline-signing replacing NSEC3 with NSEC records. [RT #34745] Fix issue with "rndc refresh" failing to sign slave zones using inline-signing. [RT #35105] Fix potential hang (detected by our inline-signing system test) with null pointer dereference in libdns zone_xfrdone. [RT #35042] Address bug in libdns loadnode function that could return a freed node on out of memory. [RT #35106] Fixed a bug causing an insecure delegation from one "static-stub" zone to another to fail with a broken trust chain. [RT #35081] Fixed problem where iterative responses could be discarded when the "query-source" port for an upstream query was the same as the listener port (53). [RT #34925] Fix crashes in RBTDB implementation. Two calls to dns_db_getoriginnode were fatal if there was no data at the node. [RT #35080] Fix a possible race and crash in the socket_search() function in dispatch.c. [RT #35107] Fix "dig" so it can handle AXFR style IXFR responses which span multiple messages. [RT #35137] Fix a "host" tool problem with converting UTF-8 textname to IDN encoding by handling "." as a search list element when IDN support is enabled. [RT #35133] Fix "queryperf" to prevent a possible integer overflow when printing results. [RT #35182] Prevent a theoretically possible race and crash when obtaining a socket in dispatch.c [RT #35128] Use built-in versions of strptime() and timegm() on all platforms to avoid portability issues. [RT #35183] Fix a bug which could cause a crash when running "rndc reconfig" or "rndc reload" after configuration is changed from regular zones to automatic empty zones. [RT #35177]
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