[LeetCode] The Maze 迷宫

最新推荐文章于 2025-03-17 11:27:53 发布

转载最新推荐文章于 2025-03-17 11:27:53 发布 · 306 阅读

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#数据结构与算法

本文介绍了一种迷宫问题，其中包含一个滚球，该球在迷宫中滚动直到碰到墙壁。文章提供了两种解决方案，分别是使用深度优先搜索（DFS）和广度优先搜索（BFS），并详细解释了每种方法的具体实现。

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There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolling up, down, left or right, but it won't stop rolling until hitting a wall. When the ball stops, it could choose the next direction.

Given the ball's start position, the destination and the maze, determine whether the ball could stop at the destination.

The maze is represented by a binary 2D array. 1 means the wall and 0 means the empty space. You may assume that the borders of the maze are all walls. The start and destination coordinates are represented by row and column indexes.

Example 1

Input 1: a maze represented by a 2D array

0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

Input 2: start coordinate (rowStart, colStart) = (0, 4)
Input 3: destination coordinate (rowDest, colDest) = (4, 4)

Output: true
Explanation: One possible way is : left -> down -> left -> down -> right -> down -> right.

Example 2

Input 1: a maze represented by a 2D array

0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

Input 2: start coordinate (rowStart, colStart) = (0, 4)
Input 3: destination coordinate (rowDest, colDest) = (3, 2)

Output: false
Explanation: There is no way for the ball to stop at the destination.

Note:

There is only one ball and one destination in the maze.
Both the ball and the destination exist on an empty space, and they will not be at the same position initially.
The given maze does not contain border (like the red rectangle in the example pictures), but you could assume the border of the maze are all walls.
The maze contains at least 2 empty spaces, and both the width and height of the maze won't exceed 100.

这道题让我们遍历迷宫，但是与以往不同的是，这次迷宫是有一个滚动的小球，这样就不是每次只走一步了，而是朝某一个方向一直滚，直到遇到墙或者边缘才停下来，我记得貌似之前在手机上玩过类似的游戏。那么其实还是要用DFS或者BFS来解，只不过需要做一些修改。先来看DFS的解法，我们用DFS的同时最好能用上优化，即记录中间的结果，这样可以避免重复运算，提高效率。我们用二维数组dp来保存中间结果，然后用maze数组本身通过将0改为-1来记录某个点是否被访问过，这道题的难点是在于处理一直滚的情况，其实也不难，只要我们有了方向，只要一直在那个方向上往前走，每次判读是否越界了或者是否遇到墙了即可，然后对于新位置继续调用递归函数，参见代码如下：

解法一：

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> dirs{{0,-1},{-1,0},{0,1},{1,0}};
    bool hasPath(vector<vector<int>>& maze, vector<int>& start, vector<int>& destination) {
        if (maze.empty() || maze[0].empty()) return true;
        int m = maze.size(), n = maze[0].size();
        vector<vector<int>> dp(m, vector<int>(n, -1));
        return helper(maze, dp, start[0], start[1], destination[0], destination[1]);
    }
    bool helper(vector<vector<int>>& maze, vector<vector<int>>& dp, int i, int j, int di, int dj) {
        if (i == di && j == dj) return true;
        if (dp[i][j] != -1) return dp[i][j];
        bool res = false;
        int m = maze.size(), n = maze[0].size();
        maze[i][j] = -1;
        for (auto dir : dirs) {
            int x = i, y = j;
            while (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && maze[x][y] != 1) {
                x += dir[0]; y += dir[1];
            }
            x -= dir[0]; y -= dir[1];
            if (maze[x][y] != -1) {
                res |= helper(maze, dp, x, y, di, dj);
            }
        }
        dp[i][j] = res;
        return res;
    }
};

同样的道理，对于BFS的实现需要用到队列queue，在对于一直滚的处理跟上面相同，参见代码如下：

解法二：

class Solution {
public:
    bool hasPath(vector<vector<int>>& maze, vector<int>& start, vector<int>& destination) {
        if (maze.empty() || maze[0].empty()) return true;
        int m = maze.size(), n = maze[0].size();
        vector<vector<bool>> visited(m, vector<bool>(n, false));
        vector<vector<int>> dirs{{0,-1},{-1,0},{0,1},{1,0}};
        queue<pair<int, int>> q;
        q.push({start[0], start[1]});
        visited[start[0]][start[1]] = true;
        while (!q.empty()) {
            auto t = q.front(); q.pop();
            if (t.first == destination[0] && t.second == destination[1]) return true;
            for (auto dir : dirs) {
                int x = t.first, y = t.second;
                while (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && maze[x][y] == 0) {
                    x += dir[0]; y += dir[1];
                }
                x -= dir[0]; y -= dir[1];
                if (!visited[x][y]) {
                    visited[x][y] = true;
                    q.push({x, y});
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
};