Predictable MDP Abstraction for Unsupervised Model-Based RL

无监督模型强化学:PredictableMDPAbstraction(PMA)在MBRL中的应用

ICML 2023
paper
code

Intro

文章提出了一种用于无监督基于模型强化学的方法,称为可预测MDP抽象(Predictable MDP Abstraction, PMA)。在MBRL中,一个关键部分是能够准确建模环境动力学动态模型。然而,这个预测模型误差可能会降低策略性能,并且在复杂的马尔可夫决策过程中(MDPs),准确的预测可能非常困难。

为了缓解这个问题,作者提出了PMA,它不是在原始MDP上训练预测模型,而是在一个变换后的MDP上训练模型,这个变换后的MDP通过学习动作空间中可预测和易于建模的动作,同时尽可能覆盖原始的状态-动作空间。这样,模型学习变得更容易和更准确,从而允许鲁棒、稳定的基于模型的规划或基于模型的RL。这种变换是在无监督的方式下学习的,在用户指定任何任务之前。然后,可以零样本(zero-shot)解决下游任务,而无需额外的环境交互。作者从理论上分析了PMA,并通过一系列基准环境证明了PMA相对于以前的无监督MBRL方法有显著的改进。

Method

PMA 所构建的MDP过程结构如下
在这里插入图片描述

而对于可预测的MDP抽象需要满足三个需求

  1. 基于隐变量的状态转移函数 p ( s ′ ∣ s , z ) p(s'|s,z) p(ss,z)得到的状态能够尽可能被预测到, 即最小化预测不确定性
  2. 潜在动作的结果应该彼此尽可能不同(即最大化动作多样性以保持原始 MDP 的大部分表现力)
  3. 潜在 MDP 中的转换应尽可能覆盖原始转换(即最小化认知不确定性来鼓励探索)

基于上述需求构建如下信息论目标
max ⁡ π z , π e I ( S ′ ; ( Z , Θ ) ∣ D ) , \max_{\pi_z,\pi_e}I(S';(Z,\Theta)|\mathcal{D}), π

### Event-Based Programming Event-based programming is a programming paradigm where the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions, sensor outputs, or messages from other programs. In this model, the program is designed to respond to events as they occur, rather than following a predetermined sequence of steps. This approach is particularly useful in applications that require high responsiveness to external stimuli, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and real-time systems. For instance, in a GUI application, the program might wait for a user to click a button, and then execute a specific function in response to that click. The event-driven nature of such applications allows them to handle multiple interactions simultaneously, making them highly interactive and responsive. ### Cycle-Based Programming Cycle-based programming, on the other hand, follows a more traditional, sequential approach. In this model, the program executes a series of predefined steps in a loop, often referred to as a "cycle." Each iteration of the loop processes a set of tasks or checks for certain conditions. This approach is commonly used in embedded systems, control systems, and simulations where the program needs to perform a set of operations repeatedly at regular intervals. For example, in a control system for an industrial machine, the program might run a cycle every few milliseconds to read sensor data, process that data, and then adjust the machine's settings accordingly. The predictability and regularity of this approach make it suitable for applications where timing is critical. ### Key Differences 1. **Flow Control**: Event-based programming relies on external events to drive the flow of the program, whereas cycle-based programming follows a fixed sequence of steps that are executed repeatedly. 2. **Responsiveness**: Event-based systems are generally more responsive to external inputs, as they are designed to react immediately to events. Cycle-based systems, while predictable, may have a slight delay in responding to changes, as they process events only during the next cycle. 3. **Complexity**: Event-based programming can become complex due to the need to manage multiple event handlers and ensure that the program state is consistent across different events. Cycle-based programming tends to be simpler, as the program follows a straightforward, linear execution path. 4. **Use Cases**: Event-based programming is ideal for applications that require high interactivity, such as web applications and GUIs. Cycle-based programming is better suited for applications that require precise timing and control, such as real-time systems and simulations. ### Example Code for Event-Based Programming Here is a simple example of event-based programming using Python's `tkinter` library to create a GUI application with a button that prints a message when clicked: ```python import tkinter as tk def on_button_click(): print("Button clicked!") # Create the main window root = tk.Tk() root.title("Event-Based Example") # Create a button and bind the click event to the on_button_click function button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", command=on_button_click) button.pack() # Start the event loop root.mainloop() ``` ### Example Code for Cycle-Based Programming Here is a simple example of cycle-based programming in Python, where a loop runs at regular intervals to check for a condition: ```python import time def check_condition(): # Simulate a condition check print("Checking condition...") # Run the cycle every 2 seconds try: while True: check_condition() time.sleep(2) # Wait for 2 seconds before the next cycle except KeyboardInterrupt: print("Cycle-based loop stopped.") ``` ###
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